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Melamine gurɓataccen abinci ne da aka sani wanda zai iya kasancewa a wasu nau'ikan abinci ba da gangan ba kuma da gangan. Manufar wannan binciken ita ce a tabbatar da gano da kuma auna melamine a cikin madarar jarirai da foda madara. An yi nazarin jimillar samfuran abinci 40 da ake samu a kasuwa, gami da madarar jarirai da foda madara, daga yankuna daban-daban na Iran. An tantance kimanin abubuwan da ke cikin melamine na samfuran ta amfani da tsarin ruwa mai aiki mai ƙarfi-ultraviolet (HPLC-UV). An gina lanƙwasa na daidaitawa (R2 = 0.9925) don gano melamine a cikin kewayon 0.1-1.2 μg mL−1. Iyakokin ƙididdigewa da ganowa sune 1 μg mL−1 da 3 μg mL−1, bi da bi. An gwada Melamine a cikin madarar jarirai da foda madara kuma sakamakon ya nuna cewa matakan melamine a cikin madarar jarirai da samfuran foda madara sune 0.001-0.095 mg kg−1 da 0.001-0.004 mg kg−1, bi da bi. Waɗannan dabi'un sun yi daidai da dokokin EU da Codex Alimentarius. Yana da mahimmanci a lura cewa shan waɗannan samfuran madara tare da ƙarancin sinadarin melamine ba ya haifar da babbar haɗari ga lafiyar masu amfani. Wannan kuma yana samun goyon baya daga sakamakon kimanta haɗarin.
Melamine wani sinadari ne na halitta wanda ke da tsarin kwayoyin halitta na C3H6N6, wanda aka samo daga cyanamide. Yana da ƙarancin narkewa a cikin ruwa kuma yana da kusan kashi 66% na nitrogen. Melamine sinadari ne na masana'antu da ake amfani da shi sosai tare da amfani da dama wajen samar da robobi, takin zamani, da kayan aikin sarrafa abinci (gami da marufi da kayan kicin)1,2. Ana kuma amfani da Melamine a matsayin mai ɗaukar magunguna don magance cututtuka. Babban kaso na nitrogen a cikin melamine na iya haifar da amfani da sinadari ba daidai ba da kuma ba da halayen ƙwayoyin furotin ga sinadaran abinci3,4. Saboda haka, ƙara melamine a cikin kayayyakin abinci, gami da kayayyakin kiwo, yana ƙara yawan nitrogen. Don haka, an kammala da kuskure cewa yawan furotin da ke cikin madara ya fi yadda yake a zahiri.
Ga kowace gram na melamine da aka ƙara, sinadarin furotin a cikin abinci zai ƙaru da kashi 0.4%. Duk da haka, melamine yana narkewa sosai a cikin ruwa kuma yana iya haifar da mummunar illa. Ƙara gram 1.3 na melamine a cikin kayayyakin ruwa kamar madara na iya ƙara yawan furotin na madara da kashi 30%5,6. Duk da cewa ana ƙara melamine a cikin abincin dabbobi har ma da na mutane don ƙara yawan furotin7, Hukumar Codex Alimentarius (CAC) da hukumomin ƙasa ba su amince da melamine a matsayin ƙarin abinci ba kuma sun lissafa shi a matsayin mai haɗari idan an haɗiye shi, an shaƙa shi, ko kuma an sha shi ta fata. A cikin 2012, Hukumar Bincike kan Ciwon Daji ta Duniya ta Hukumar Lafiya ta Duniya (WHO) ta sanya melamine a matsayin ƙwayar cutar kansa ta Class 2B saboda yana iya zama cutarwa ga lafiyar ɗan adam8. Shafar melamine na dogon lokaci na iya haifar da ciwon daji ko lalacewar koda2. Melamine a cikin abinci na iya haɗawa da cyanuric acid don samar da lu'ulu'u masu launin rawaya marasa narkewa a cikin ruwa waɗanda zasu iya haifar da lalacewar koda da mafitsara, da kuma ciwon daji na mafitsara da asarar nauyi9,10. Yana iya haifar da guba mai tsanani a abinci, kuma, idan aka yi amfani da shi sosai, mutuwa, musamman ga jarirai da ƙananan yara.11 Hukumar Lafiya ta Duniya (WHO) ta kuma saita yawan shan melamine na yau da kullun (TDI) ga mutane a 0.2 mg/kg na nauyin jiki a kowace rana bisa ga jagororin CAC.12 Hukumar Abinci da Magunguna ta Amurka (FDA) ta saita matsakaicin matakin ragowar melamine a 1 mg/kg a cikin madarar jarirai da 2.5 mg/kg a cikin wasu abinci.2,7 A watan Satumba na 2008, an ruwaito cewa wasu masana'antun madarar jarirai a cikin gida sun ƙara melamine a cikin foda madara don ƙara yawan furotin na samfuran su, wanda ya haifar da gubar foda na madara kuma ya haifar da wani lamari na gubar melamine a duk faɗin ƙasar wanda ya cutar da yara sama da 294,000 kuma ya kwantar da sama da 50,000 a asibiti. 13
Ba koyaushe ake samun shayarwa ba saboda dalilai daban-daban kamar wahalhalun rayuwar birni, rashin lafiyar uwa ko jariri, wanda ke haifar da amfani da madarar jarirai don ciyar da jarirai. Sakamakon haka, an kafa masana'antu don samar da madarar jarirai wacce take kusa da madarar nono a cikin abun da ke ciki14. Maganin jarirai da ake sayarwa a kasuwa yawanci ana yin sa ne daga madarar shanu kuma yawanci ana yin sa ne da cakuda na musamman na mai, furotin, carbohydrates, bitamin, ma'adanai da sauran mahadi. Domin kusanci da madarar nono, furotin da kitse na cikin madarar sun bambanta, kuma ya danganta da nau'in madarar, ana ƙarfafa su da mahadi kamar bitamin da ma'adanai kamar iron15. Tunda jarirai rukuni ne mai saurin kamuwa da cuta kuma akwai haɗarin guba, amincin shan madarar foda yana da matukar muhimmanci ga lafiya. Bayan kamuwa da cutar gubar melamine a tsakanin jarirai 'yan China, ƙasashe a duniya sun mai da hankali sosai kan wannan batu, kuma yanayin wannan yanki ya ƙaru. Saboda haka, yana da mahimmanci musamman a ƙarfafa sarrafa samar da madarar jarirai don kare lafiyar jarirai. Akwai hanyoyi daban-daban na gano melamine a cikin abinci, gami da babban aikin ruwa chromatography (HPLC), electrophoresis, hanyar ji, spectrophotometry da gwajin immunosorbent na antigen-antibody enzyme-linked enzyme16. A cikin 2007, Hukumar Abinci da Magunguna ta Amurka (FDA) ta ƙirƙiro kuma ta buga hanyar HPLC don tantance melamine da cyanuric acid a cikin abinci, wanda shine hanya mafi inganci don tantance yawan melamine17.
Yawan melamine a cikin madarar jarirai da aka auna ta amfani da sabuwar dabarar infrared spectroscopy ya kama daga 0.33 zuwa 0.96 milligrams a kowace kilogiram (mg kg-1). 18 Wani bincike a Sri Lanka ya gano cewa matakan melamine a cikin madarar gaba ɗaya sun kama daga 0.39 zuwa 0.84 mg kg-1. Bugu da ƙari, samfuran madarar jarirai da aka shigo da su daga ƙasashen waje sun ƙunshi mafi girman matakan melamine, a 0.96 da 0.94 mg/kg, bi da bi. Waɗannan matakan suna ƙasa da iyakar ƙa'ida (1 mg/kg), amma ana buƙatar shirin sa ido don amincin mabukaci. 19
Nazarce-nazarce da dama sun binciki matakan melamine a cikin dabarar jarirai ta Iran. Kimanin kashi 65% na samfuran sun ƙunshi melamine, tare da matsakaicin 0.73 mg/kg da matsakaicin 3.63 mg/kg. Wani bincike ya ruwaito cewa matakin melamine a cikin dabarar jarirai ya kasance daga 0.35 zuwa 3.40 μg/kg, tare da matsakaicin 1.38 μg/kg. Gabaɗaya, an tantance kasancewar da matakin melamine a cikin dabarar jarirai ta Iran a cikin nazarce-nazarce daban-daban, inda wasu samfuran da ke ɗauke da melamine suka wuce iyakar da hukumomin kula da lafiya suka gindaya (2.5 mg/kg/abinci).
Idan aka yi la'akari da yawan shan foda na madara kai tsaye da kuma kai tsaye a masana'antar abinci da kuma muhimmancin musamman na madarar jarirai wajen ciyar da yara, wannan binciken ya yi nufin tabbatar da hanyar gano melamine a cikin foda na madara da madarar jarirai. A zahiri, manufar farko ta wannan binciken ita ce samar da wata hanya mai sauri, mai sauƙi kuma daidai don gano gurbataccen melamine a cikin madarar jarirai da foda na madara ta amfani da ingantaccen chromatography na ruwa (HPLC) da gano ultraviolet (UV); Na biyu, manufar wannan binciken ita ce tantance abubuwan da ke cikin melamine a cikin madarar jarirai da foda na madara da ake sayarwa a kasuwar Iran.
Kayan aikin da ake amfani da su don nazarin melamine sun bambanta dangane da wurin samar da abinci. An yi amfani da hanyar nazarin HPLC-UV mai sauƙi kuma mai aminci don auna ragowar melamine a cikin madara da madarar jarirai. Kayayyakin kiwo sun ƙunshi furotin da mai iri-iri waɗanda zasu iya tsoma baki ga auna melamine. Saboda haka, kamar yadda Sun et al. 22 suka lura, dabarun tsaftacewa mai dacewa da inganci ya zama dole kafin nazarin kayan aiki. A cikin wannan binciken, mun yi amfani da matatun sirinji da za a iya zubarwa. A cikin wannan binciken, mun yi amfani da ginshiƙin C18 don raba melamine a cikin madarar jarirai da foda madara. Hoto na 1 yana nuna chromatogram don gano melamine. Bugu da ƙari, dawo da samfuran da ke ɗauke da melamine 0.1-1.2 mg/kg ya kasance daga 95% zuwa 109%, lissafin komawa shine y = 1.2487x − 0.005 (r = 0.9925), kuma ƙimar karkacewar daidaito (RSD) ta kasance daga 0.8 zuwa 2%. Bayanan da ake da su sun nuna cewa hanyar abin dogaro ce a cikin kewayon yawan tattarawa da aka yi nazari a kai (Tebur 1). Iyakar ganowa ta kayan aiki (LOD) da kuma iyaka ta ƙididdigewa (LOQ) na melamine sune 1 μg mL−1 da 3 μg mL−1, bi da bi. Bugu da ƙari, hasken UV na melamine ya nuna band ɗin sha a 242 nm. Hanyar ganowa tana da laushi, abin dogaro kuma daidai. Ana iya amfani da wannan hanyar don tantance matakin melamine akai-akai.
Marubuta da dama sun buga irin wannan sakamakon. An ƙirƙiri wata hanyar chromatography-photodiode array (HPLC) mai ƙarfi don nazarin melamine a cikin kayayyakin kiwo. Ƙananan iyakokin ƙididdigewa sune 340 μg kg−1 ga foda madara da 280 μg kg−1 ga madarar jarirai a 240 nm. Filazzi et al. (2012) sun ba da rahoton cewa HPLC ba ta gano melamine a cikin madarar jarirai ba. Duk da haka, 8% na samfuran foda madara sun ƙunshi melamine a matakin 0.505–0.86 mg/kg. Tittlemiet et al.23 sun gudanar da irin wannan bincike kuma sun tantance abun ciki na melamine na madarar jarirai (lambar samfurin: 72) ta hanyar babban aikin ruwa chromatography-mass spectrometry/MS (HPLC-MS/MS) ya zama kusan 0.0431–0.346 mg kg−1. A cikin wani bincike da Venkatasamy et al. (2010), an yi amfani da hanyar sunadarai masu kore (ba tare da acetonitrile ba) da kuma chromatography na ruwa mai aiki mai juyi (RP-HPLC) don kimanta melamine a cikin madarar jarirai da madara. Matsakaicin yawan samfuran ya kasance daga 1.0 zuwa 80 g/mL kuma martanin ya kasance layi ɗaya (r > 0.999). Hanyar ta nuna farfadowa na 97.2–101.2 a kan kewayon yawan 5–40 g/mL kuma sake haifuwa bai kai kashi 1.0% na karkacewar da aka saba ba. Bugu da ƙari, LOD da LOQ da aka lura sun kasance 0.1 g mL−1 da 0.2 g mL−124, bi da bi. Lutter et al. (2011) sun gano gurɓataccen melamine a cikin madarar shanu da madarar jarirai ta amfani da HPLC-UV. Yawan melamine ya kasance daga < 0.2 zuwa 2.52 mg kg−1. Tsarin aiki mai layi na hanyar HPLC-UV shine 0.05 zuwa 2.5 mg kg−1 ga madarar shanu, 0.13 zuwa 6.25 mg kg−1 ga madarar jarirai tare da rabon furotin na <15%, da kuma 0.25 zuwa 12.5 mg kg−1 ga madarar jarirai tare da rabon furotin na 15%. Sakamakon LOD (da LOQ) sune 0.03 mg kg−1 (0.09 mg kg−1) ga madarar shanu, 0.06 mg kg−1 (0.18 mg kg−1) ga madarar jarirai <15%, da kuma 0.12 mg kg−1 (0.36 mg kg−1) ga madarar jarirai 15% furotin, tare da rabon sigina zuwa hayaniya na 3 da 1025 ga LOD da LOQ, bi da bi. Diebes et al. (2012) sun binciki matakan melamine a cikin samfurin madarar jarirai da foda madara ta amfani da HPLC/DMD. A cikin madarar jarirai, mafi ƙanƙanta da mafi girma sune 9.49 mg kg−1 da 258 mg kg−1, bi da bi. Iyakar ganowa (LOD) shine 0.05 mg kg−1.
Javaid da abokan aikinsa sun ruwaito cewa ragowar melamine a cikin madarar jarirai suna cikin kewayon 0.002–2 mg kg−1 ta hanyar Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-MIR) (LOD = 1 mg kg−1; LOQ = 3.5 mg kg−1). Rezai da abokan aikinsa 27 sun gabatar da hanyar HPLC-DDA (λ = 220 nm) don kimanta melamine kuma sun cimma LOQ na 0.08 μg mL−1 don foda madara, wanda ya yi ƙasa da matakin da aka samu a wannan binciken. Sun da abokan aikinsa sun haɓaka RP-HPLC-DAD don gano melamine a cikin madarar ruwa ta hanyar cirewa mai ƙarfi (SPE). Sun sami LOD da LOQ na 18 da 60 μg kg−128, bi da bi, wanda ya fi saurin kamuwa da wannan binciken. Montesano da abokan aikinsa. ya tabbatar da ingancin hanyar HPLC-DMD don kimanta abubuwan da ke cikin melamine a cikin kari na furotin tare da iyaka na ƙididdigewa na 0.05-3 mg/kg, wanda bai yi tasiri sosai fiye da hanyar da aka yi amfani da ita a wannan binciken ba29.
Babu shakka, dakunan gwaje-gwaje na nazari suna taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen kare muhalli ta hanyar sa ido kan gurɓatattun abubuwa a cikin samfura daban-daban. Duk da haka, amfani da adadi mai yawa na reagents da solvents yayin bincike na iya haifar da samuwar ragowar abubuwa masu haɗari. Saboda haka, an haɓaka kimiyyar nazarin kore (GAC) a cikin 2000 don rage ko kawar da mummunan tasirin hanyoyin nazari akan masu aiki da muhalli26. An yi amfani da hanyoyin gano melamine na gargajiya waɗanda suka haɗa da chromatography, electrophoresis, capillary electrophoresis, da enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) don gano melamine. Duk da haka, daga cikin hanyoyin gano abubuwa da yawa, na'urori masu auna sigina na lantarki sun jawo hankali sosai saboda kyakkyawan yanayin su, zaɓin su, lokacin bincike mai sauri, da halaye masu dacewa da amfani30,31. Fasahar kere-kere tana amfani da hanyoyin halittu don haɗa kayan nano, wanda zai iya rage samar da sharar gida mai haɗari da amfani da makamashi, ta haka yana haɓaka aiwatar da ayyuka masu dorewa. Misali, ana iya amfani da nanocomposites, waɗanda aka yi daga kayan da ba su da illa ga muhalli, a cikin na'urori masu auna sigina don gano abubuwa kamar melamine32,33,34.
Binciken ya nuna cewa ana amfani da microextraction mai ƙarfi (SPME) yadda ya kamata saboda ingantaccen amfani da makamashi da dorewarsa idan aka kwatanta da hanyoyin cirewa na gargajiya. Kyakkyawan muhalli da ingancin makamashi na SPME sun sanya shi kyakkyawan madadin hanyoyin cirewa na gargajiya a cikin ilmin sunadarai na nazari kuma suna samar da hanya mafi dorewa da inganci don shirya samfura35.
A shekarar 2013, Wu da abokan aikinsa sun ƙirƙiro wani na'urar gano ƙwayoyin cuta ta plasmon resonance (mini-SPR) mai matuƙar saurin amsawa da kuma zaɓi a saman fata wanda ke amfani da haɗin kai tsakanin ƙwayoyin cuta na melamine da anti-melamine don gano melamine cikin sauri a cikin dabarar jarirai ta amfani da na'urar tantance ƙwayoyin cuta ta immunoassay. Na'urar tantance ƙwayoyin cuta ta SPR tare da na'urar tantance ƙwayoyin cuta ta immunoassay (ta amfani da albumin na jini na shanu da aka haɗa da melamine) fasaha ce mai sauƙin amfani kuma mai araha wacce ke da iyaka ta 0.02 μg mL-136 kawai.
Nasiri da Abbasian sun yi amfani da na'urar firikwensin mai iya ɗauka mai yawa tare da haɗakar graphene oxide-chitosan (GOCS) don gano melamine a cikin samfuran kasuwanci37. Wannan hanyar ta nuna zaɓi mai yawa, daidaito, da amsawa. Na'urar firikwensin GOCS ta nuna babban jin daɗi (239.1 μM−1), kewayon layi na 0.01 zuwa 200 μM, daidaitaccen haɗin kai na 1.73 × 104, da LOD na har zuwa 10 nM. Bugu da ƙari, wani bincike da Chandrasekhar et al. suka gudanar a 2024 ya ɗauki hanyar da ta dace da muhalli kuma mai inganci. Sun yi amfani da cirewar bawon gwanda a matsayin wakili mai ragewa don haɗa ƙwayoyin zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO-NPs) a cikin hanyar da ta dace da muhalli. Daga baya, an ƙirƙiri wata dabara ta musamman ta micro-Raman spectroscopy don tantance melamine a cikin dabarar jarirai. ZnO-NPs da aka samo daga sharar gona sun nuna yuwuwar a matsayin kayan aiki mai mahimmanci na ganewar asali da kuma fasaha mai inganci, mai araha don sa ido da gano melamine38.
Alizadeh da abokan aikinsa (2024) sun yi amfani da wani dandamali mai haske na ƙarfe-organic (MOF) don tantance melamine a cikin foda madara. Matsakaicin layin da ƙarancin iyakokin gano firikwensin, wanda aka ƙayyade ta amfani da 3σ/S, sun kasance 40 zuwa 396.45 nM (daidai da 25 μg kg−1 zuwa 0.25 mg kg−1) da 40 nM (daidai da 25 μg kg−1), bi da bi. Wannan kewayon yana ƙasa da matsakaicin matakan ragowar (MRLs) da aka saita don gano melamine a cikin dabarar jarirai (1 mg kg−1) da sauran samfuran abinci/abinci (2.5 mg kg−1). Firikwensin haske (terbium (Tb)@NH2-MIL-253(Al)MOF) sun nuna daidaito mafi girma da ƙarfin aunawa mafi daidaito fiye da HPLC39 wajen gano melamine a cikin foda madara. Na'urorin gano halittu da nanocomposites a cikin sunadarai kore ba wai kawai suna haɓaka ƙwarewar ganowa ba har ma suna rage haɗarin muhalli daidai da ƙa'idodin ci gaba mai ɗorewa.
An yi amfani da ƙa'idodin sunadarai masu kore a hanyoyi daban-daban don tantance melamine. Hanya ɗaya ita ce haɓaka hanyar cire ƙwayoyin cuta masu ƙarfi ta kore ta amfani da β-cyclodextrin polymer na halitta mai haɗin gwiwa da citric acid don fitar da melamine 40 cikin inganci daga samfuran kamar madarar jarirai da ruwan zafi. Wata hanya kuma tana amfani da amsawar Mannich don tantance melamine a cikin samfuran madara. Wannan hanyar tana da araha, mara lahani ga muhalli, kuma tana da daidaito sosai tare da kewayon layi na 0.1-2.5 ppm da ƙarancin iyaka na ganowa 41. Bugu da ƙari, an haɓaka wata hanya mai inganci da aminci ga muhalli don tantance adadi na melamine a cikin madarar ruwa da dabarar jarirai ta amfani da Fourier transmission infrared transmission spectroscopy tare da babban daidaito da iyakokin ganowa na 1 ppm da 3.5 ppm, bi da bi 42. Waɗannan hanyoyin suna nuna amfani da ƙa'idodin sunadarai masu kore don haɓaka hanyoyin inganci da dorewa don tantance melamine.
Nazarce-nazarce da dama sun gabatar da sabbin hanyoyin gano melamine, kamar amfani da cirewar lokaci mai ƙarfi da kuma chromatography na ruwa mai ƙarfi (HPLC)43, da kuma saurin chromatography na ruwa mai ƙarfi (HPLC), wanda baya buƙatar hadaddun magunguna kafin a yi amfani da su ko kuma ion-pair reagents, wanda hakan ke rage yawan sharar sinadarai44. Waɗannan hanyoyin ba wai kawai suna ba da sakamako mai kyau don tantance melamine a cikin kayayyakin kiwo ba, har ma suna bin ƙa'idodin sunadarai masu kore, suna rage amfani da sinadarai masu haɗari da kuma rage tasirin muhalli gabaɗaya na tsarin nazari.
An gwada samfura arba'in na nau'ikan samfura daban-daban a cikin nau'i uku, kuma an gabatar da sakamakon a cikin Jadawali na 2. Matakan Melamine a cikin samfurin jarirai da samfurin foda na madara sun kama daga 0.001 zuwa 0.004 mg/kg da kuma daga 0.001 zuwa 0.095 mg/kg, bi da bi. Ba a lura da wani muhimmin canji tsakanin ƙungiyoyi uku na tsarin madara na jarirai ba. Bugu da ƙari, an gano melamine a cikin kashi 80% na tsarin madara, amma kashi 65% na tsarin madara na jarirai sun gurɓata da melamine.
Yawan sinadarin melamine a cikin foda madarar masana'antu ya fi na jarirai yawa, kuma bambancin ya kasance mai mahimmanci (p<0.05) (Hoto na 2).
Sakamakon da aka samu ya kasance ƙasa da iyakokin da FDA ta gindaya (ƙasa da 1 da 2.5 mg/kg). Bugu da ƙari, sakamakon ya yi daidai da iyakokin da CAC (2010) da EU45,46 suka gindaya, wato matsakaicin iyaka da aka yarda da ita shine 1 mg kg-1 ga madarar jarirai da 2.5 mg kg-1 ga kayayyakin kiwo.
A cewar wani bincike da Ghanati da abokan aikinsa suka gudanar a shekarar 2023, yawan melamine a cikin nau'ikan madarar da aka shirya a Iran ya kama daga 50.7 zuwa 790 μg kg−1. Sakamakon bincikensu ya kasa da iyakokin da FDA ta yarda da su. Sakamakon bincikenmu ya yi kasa da na Shoder da abokan aikinsa 48 da Rima da abokan aikinsa 49. Shoder da abokan aikinsa (2010) sun gano cewa matakan melamine a cikin foda madara (n=49) da ELISA ta ƙaddara ya kama daga 0.5 zuwa 5.5 mg/kg. Rima da abokan aikinsa sun yi nazarin ragowar melamine a cikin foda madara ta hanyar hasken fluorescence spectrophotometry kuma sun gano cewa adadin melamine a cikin foda madara ya kai 0.72–5.76 mg/kg. An gudanar da wani bincike a Kanada a shekarar 2011 don sa ido kan matakan melamine a cikin dabarar jarirai (n=94) ta amfani da ruwa chromatography (LC/MS). An gano cewa yawan melamine ya kai ƙasa da iyaka da aka yarda (ma'aunin farko: 0.5 mg kg−1). Ba zai yiwu ba cewa matakan melamine na bogi da aka gano dabara ce da ake amfani da ita don ƙara yawan furotin. Duk da haka, ba za a iya bayyana shi ta hanyar amfani da takin zamani, canja wurin abubuwan da ke cikin kwantena, ko wasu abubuwa makamantan haka ba. Bugu da ƙari, ba a bayyana tushen melamine a cikin foda madara da aka shigo da shi Kanada ba50.
Hassani da abokan aikinsa sun auna yawan melamine a cikin foda madara da madarar ruwa a kasuwar Iran a shekarar 2013 kuma sun sami sakamako makamancin haka. Sakamakon ya nuna cewa banda nau'in foda madara da madarar ruwa, duk sauran samfuran an gurbata su da melamine, tare da matakan da suka kama daga 1.50 zuwa 30.32 μg g−1 a cikin foda madara da 0.11 zuwa 1.48 μg ml−1 a cikin madara. Abin lura, ba a gano cyanuric acid a cikin kowane samfurin ba, wanda ya rage yiwuwar gubar melamine ga masu amfani. 51 Nazarin da aka yi a baya sun tantance yawan melamine a cikin kayayyakin cakulan da ke ɗauke da foda madara. Kimanin kashi 94% na samfuran da aka shigo da su da kuma kashi 77% na samfuran Iran sun ƙunshi melamine. Matakan melamine a cikin samfuran da aka shigo da su sun kama daga 0.032 zuwa 2.692 mg/kg, yayin da waɗanda ke cikin samfuran Iran sun kama daga 0.013 zuwa 2.600 mg/kg. Gabaɗaya, an gano melamine a cikin kashi 85% na samfuran, amma takamaiman alama ɗaya kawai tana da matakan da suka wuce iyakar da aka yarda.44 Tittlemier et al. sun ba da rahoton matakan melamine a cikin foda madara daga 0.00528 zuwa 0.0122 mg/kg.
Tebur na 3 ya taƙaita sakamakon kimanta haɗari ga ƙungiyoyin shekaru uku. Hadarin ya kasance ƙasa da 1 a cikin dukkan ƙungiyoyin shekaru. Don haka, babu wata haɗarin lafiya wanda ba zai haifar da cutar kansa ba daga melamine a cikin madarar jarirai.
Ƙananan gurɓataccen abu a cikin kayayyakin kiwo na iya faruwa ne sakamakon gurɓataccen abu da ba a yi niyya ba yayin shiri, yayin da ƙarin yawan abu na iya faruwa ne saboda ƙarin abu da aka yi da gangan. Bugu da ƙari, haɗarin da ke tattare da shan kayayyakin kiwo masu ƙarancin melamine ana ɗaukarsa a matsayin ƙasa. Ana iya kammalawa cewa shan kayayyakin da ke ɗauke da irin wannan ƙarancin melamine ba ya haifar da wata illa ga lafiyar masu amfani da shi52.
Idan aka yi la'akari da muhimmancin kula da lafiyar abinci a masana'antar kiwo, musamman dangane da kare lafiyar jama'a, yana da matuƙar muhimmanci a samar da kuma tabbatar da hanyar tantancewa da kwatanta matakan melamine da ragowar melamine a cikin foda madara da madarar jarirai. An ƙirƙiri wata hanya mai sauƙi da daidaito ta HPLC-UV don tantance melamine a cikin madarar jarirai da foda madara. An tabbatar da hanyar don tabbatar da amincinta da daidaitonta. An nuna cewa iyakokin ganowa da ƙididdigewa na hanyar suna da isassun tasiri don auna matakan melamine a cikin madarar jarirai da foda madara. A cewar bayananmu, an gano melamine a yawancin samfuran Iran. Duk matakan melamine da aka gano sun kasance ƙasa da iyakar da aka yarda da CAC ta kafa, wanda ke nuna cewa cin waɗannan nau'ikan kayayyakin kiwo ba ya haifar da haɗari ga lafiyar ɗan adam.
Duk wani sinadari da aka yi amfani da shi wajen hada sinadarai an yi shi ne da nau'in nazari: melamine (2,4,6-triamino-1,3,5-triazine) 99% tsarki (Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, MO); acetonitrile na HPLC (Merck, Darmstadt, Jamus); ruwa mai tsarki (Millipore, Morfheim, Faransa). Matatun sirinji da za a iya zubarwa (Chromafil Xtra PVDF-45/25, girman rami 0.45 μm, diamita membrane 25 mm) (Macherey-Nagel, Düren, Jamus).
An yi amfani da wanka mai amfani da ultrasonic (Elma, Jamus), centrifuge (Beckman Coulter, Krefeld, Jamus) da HPLC (KNAUER, Jamus) don shirya samfuran.
An yi amfani da na'urar gano ƙwayoyin cuta mai ƙarfi (KNAUER, Jamus) wacce aka sanya mata na'urar gano ƙwayoyin cuta ta UV. Yanayin nazarin HPLC sune kamar haka: tsarin UHPLC Ultimate wanda aka sanye da ginshiƙin nazari na ODS-3 C18 (4.6 mm × 250 mm, girman ƙwayoyin cuta 5 μm) (MZ, Jamus). An yi amfani da HPLC eluent (matakin motsi) cakuda TFA/methanol ne (450:50 mL) tare da saurin kwarara na 1 mL min-1. Tsawon lokacin gano ƙwayoyin cuta shine 242 nm. Girman allurar shine 100 μL, zafin ginshiƙin shine 20 °C. Tunda lokacin riƙe maganin yana da tsayi (minti 15), ya kamata a yi allurar ta gaba bayan mintuna 25. An gano Melamine ta hanyar kwatanta lokacin riƙewa da kololuwar hasken UV na ma'aunin melamine.
An shirya maganin melamine na yau da kullun (10 μg/mL) ta amfani da ruwa kuma aka adana a cikin firiji (4 °C) nesa da haske. A narkar da maganin da aka tace tare da matakin motsi kuma a shirya mafita na yau da kullun. An allurar kowace mafita ta yau da kullun cikin HPLC sau 7. An ƙididdige lissafin daidaitawa 10 ta hanyar nazarin koma-baya na yankin kololuwar da aka ƙayyade da kuma yawan da aka ƙayyade.
An sayi foda madarar shanu da ake samu a kasuwa (samfura 20) da samfuran nau'ikan madarar shanu daban-daban (samfura 20) daga manyan kantuna da shagunan magani na gida a Iran don ciyar da jarirai na shekaru daban-daban (watanni 0-6, watanni 6-12, da sama da watanni 12) kuma an adana su a zafin da aka sanyaya (4 °C) har sai an yi nazari. Sannan, an auna 1 ± 0.01 g na foda madara mai kama da juna sannan aka haɗa shi da acetonitrile:water (50:50, v/v; 5 mL). An juya cakuda na minti 1, sannan aka saka shi a cikin wanka na ultrasonic na minti 30, sannan a ƙarshe aka girgiza na minti 1. Daga nan aka sanya cakuda a centrifuge a 9000 × g na minti 10 a zafin ɗaki sannan aka tace ruwan da ke cikinsa a cikin kwalbar autosampler na 2 ml ta amfani da matatar sirinji na 0.45 μm. Sai aka gauraya tacewar (250 μl) da ruwa (750 μl) sannan aka yi allura a kan tsarin HPLC10,42.
Domin tabbatar da hanyar, mun ƙayyade murmurewa, daidaito, iyakokin ganowa (LOD), iyakokin ƙididdigewa (LOQ), da daidaito a ƙarƙashin yanayi mafi kyau. An bayyana LOD a matsayin samfurin abun ciki mai tsayin tsayi sau uku na matakin amo na asali. A gefe guda kuma, an ayyana abun ciki na samfurin mai tsayin tsayi sau 10 na rabon sigina-zuwa-hayaniya a matsayin LOQ.
An tantance martanin na'urar ta amfani da lanƙwasa daidaitawa wanda ya ƙunshi maki bakwai na bayanai. An yi amfani da abubuwan da ke cikin melamine daban-daban (0, 0.2, 0.3, 0.5, 0.8, 1 da 1.2). An tantance daidaiton tsarin lissafin melamine. Bugu da ƙari, an ƙara matakai daban-daban na melamine zuwa samfuran da babu komai. An gina lanƙwasa daidaitawa ta hanyar ci gaba da allurar 0.1–1.2 μg−1 na maganin melamine na yau da kullun a cikin samfurin jarirai da samfuran madarar foda da R2 = 0.9925. An tantance daidaiton ta hanyar maimaitawa da sake haifar da hanyar kuma an cimma ta hanyar allurar samfuran a cikin kwanaki na farko da uku masu zuwa (a cikin sau uku). An tantance maimaitawar hanyar ta hanyar ƙididdige RSD% don yawan melamine guda uku daban-daban. An gudanar da nazarin murmurewa don tantance daidaiton. An ƙididdige matakin murmurewa ta hanyar hanyar cirewa a matakai uku na yawan melamine (0.1, 1.2, 2) a cikin samfuran madarar jarirai da madarar busasshiya9, 11, 15.
An ƙayyade kiyasin yawan shan magani a kowace rana (EDI) ta amfani da dabarar da ke ƙasa: EDI = Ci × Cc/BW.
Inda Ci shine matsakaicin abun ciki na melamine, Cc shine yawan shan madara da BW shine matsakaicin nauyin yara.
An yi nazarin bayanai ta amfani da SPSS 24. An gwada al'ada ta amfani da gwajin Kolmogorov-Smirnov; duk bayanan gwaje-gwajen ba na parametric ba ne (p = 0). Saboda haka, an yi amfani da gwajin Kruskal-Wallis da gwajin Mann-Whitney don tantance manyan bambance-bambance tsakanin ƙungiyoyi.
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