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Motsin gabobi da kyallen jiki na iya haifar da kurakurai a wurin da aka sanya X-ray a lokacin aikin radiotherapy. Saboda haka, ana buƙatar kayan da ke da halayen injiniya da na rediyo masu daidai da nama don kwaikwayon motsin gabobi don inganta aikin radiotherapy. Duk da haka, haɓaka irin waɗannan kayan har yanzu ƙalubale ne. Alginate hydrogels suna da halaye iri ɗaya da na matrix na extracellular, wanda hakan ke sa su zama masu kyau a matsayin kayan da suka dace da nama. A cikin wannan binciken, an haɗa kumfa hydrogel na alginate tare da halayen injiniya da na rediyo da ake so ta hanyar sakin Ca2+ a wuri. An sarrafa rabon iska-zuwa-girma a hankali don samun kumfa hydrogel tare da takamaiman halayen injiniya da na rediyo. An siffanta macro- da micromorphology na kayan, kuma an yi nazarin halayen kumfa hydrogel a ƙarƙashin matsi. An kimanta halayen rediyo ta hanyar ka'ida kuma an tabbatar da su ta hanyar gwaji ta amfani da tomography na lissafi. Wannan binciken ya ba da haske kan ci gaban kayan da suka dace da nama nan gaba waɗanda za a iya amfani da su don inganta yawan radiation da sarrafa inganci yayin aikin radiotherapy.
Maganin radiation magani ne da aka saba yi wa cutar kansa1. Motsin gabobin jiki da kyallen jiki sau da yawa yana haifar da kurakurai a wurin da ake sanya X-ray a lokacin maganin radiation2, wanda zai iya haifar da rashin maganin ciwon daji da kuma yawan fallasa ƙwayoyin lafiya da ke kewaye da su ga radiation mara amfani. Ikon hango motsin gabobin jiki da kyallen jiki yana da mahimmanci don rage kurakuran gano ciwon daji. Wannan binciken ya mayar da hankali kan huhu, tunda suna fuskantar manyan nakasa da motsi lokacin da marasa lafiya ke numfashi yayin maganin radiation. An ƙirƙiri samfuran abubuwa daban-daban masu iyaka kuma an yi amfani da su don kwaikwayon motsin huhun ɗan adam3,4,5. Duk da haka, gabobin ɗan adam da kyallen jiki suna da yanayin ƙasa mai rikitarwa kuma suna da matuƙar dogaro ga marasa lafiya. Saboda haka, kayan da ke da halaye masu kama da na kyallen suna da matukar amfani don haɓaka samfuran jiki don tabbatar da samfuran ka'idoji, sauƙaƙe ingantaccen magani na likita, da kuma don dalilai na ilimin likitanci.
Ci gaban kayan da ke kwaikwayon nama mai laushi don cimma yanayin tsarin waje da na ciki mai rikitarwa ya jawo hankali sosai saboda rashin daidaiton injinansu na iya haifar da gazawa a aikace-aikacen da aka yi niyya6,7. Yin kwaikwayon hadaddun biomechanics na kyallen huhu, wanda ya haɗu da taushi mai yawa, sassauci, da kuma porosity na tsari, yana haifar da babban ƙalubale wajen haɓaka samfuran da ke sake haifar da huhun ɗan adam daidai. Haɗawa da daidaita halayen injina da na rediyo suna da mahimmanci don ingantaccen aikin samfuran huhu a cikin hanyoyin magancewa. Kera kayan ƙari ya tabbatar da cewa yana da tasiri wajen haɓaka samfuran takamaiman marasa lafiya, yana ba da damar yin samfurin ƙira mai rikitarwa cikin sauri. Shin et al. 8 sun haɓaka samfurin huhu mai sake haifuwa, mai nakasa tare da hanyoyin iska masu bugawa ta 3D. Haselaar et al. 9 sun haɓaka wani fatalwa mai kama da na gaske ga marasa lafiya don kimanta ingancin hoto da hanyoyin tabbatar da matsayi don maganin radiation. Hong et al10 sun haɓaka samfurin CT na ƙirji ta amfani da fasahar bugawa ta 3D da simintin silicone don sake haifar da ƙarfin CT na raunuka daban-daban na huhu don kimanta daidaiton ƙididdigewa. Duk da haka, waɗannan samfuran galibi ana yin su ne da kayan da halayensu masu tasiri suka bambanta da na kyallen huhu11.
A halin yanzu, yawancin ƙwayoyin huhu an yi su ne da kumfa na silicone ko polyurethane, waɗanda ba su dace da halayen injiniya da na rediyo na ainihin ƙwayoyin huhu ba.12,13 Alginate hydrogels suna da jituwa da halittu kuma ana amfani da su sosai a fannin injiniyan nama saboda halayen injinan da za a iya gyarawa.14 Duk da haka, sake haifar da daidaito mai laushi da kumfa da ake buƙata don fatalwar huhu wanda ke kwaikwayon tsarin laushi da cika na kyallen huhu ya kasance ƙalubalen gwaji.
A cikin wannan binciken, an ɗauka cewa kyallen huhu abu ne mai kama da roba. An ruwaito cewa yawan kyallen huhu na ɗan adam (\(\:\rho\:\)) shine 1.06 g/cm3, kuma yawan huhun da ke hura shine 0.26 g/cm315. An sami nau'ikan ƙimar ƙwayoyin huhu iri-iri na Young's modulus (MY) ta amfani da hanyoyin gwaji daban-daban. Lai-Fook et al. 16 sun auna YM na huhun ɗan adam tare da hauhawar farashi iri ɗaya zuwa 0.42–6.72 kPa. Goss et al. 17 sun yi amfani da elastography na maganadisu kuma sun ba da rahoton YM na 2.17 kPa. Liu et al. 18 sun ba da rahoton YM da aka auna kai tsaye na 0.03–57.2 kPa. Ilegbusi et al. 19 sun kiyasta YM shine 0.1–2.7 kPa bisa ga bayanan CT na 4D da aka samu daga zaɓaɓɓun marasa lafiya.
Don halayen rediyo na huhu, ana amfani da sigogi da yawa don bayyana halayen hulɗar kyallen huhu da hasken X, gami da abun da ke cikin sinadarai, yawan electron (\(\:{\rho\:}_{e}\)), lambar atomic mai tasiri (\(\:{Z}_{eff}\)), matsakaicin kuzarin motsawa (\(\:I\)), ƙimar rage taro (\(\:\mu\:/\rho\:\)) da kuma sashin Hounsfield (HU), wanda ke da alaƙa kai tsaye da \(\:\mu\:/\rho\:\).
Ana bayyana yawan electron \(\:{\rho\:}_{e}\) a matsayin adadin electrons a kowace ƙarar naúrar kuma ana ƙididdige shi kamar haka:
inda \(\:\rho\:\) shine yawan kayan da ke cikin g/cm3, \(\:{N}_{A}\) shine ma'aunin Avogadro, \(\:{w}_{i}\) shine ƙashin taro, \(\:{Z}_{i}\) shine lambar atom, kuma \(\:{A}_{i}\) shine nauyin atom na sinadarin i-th.
Lambar atomic ɗin tana da alaƙa kai tsaye da yanayin hulɗar radiation a cikin kayan. Ga mahaɗan da gaurayawan da ke ɗauke da abubuwa da yawa (misali, yadudduka), dole ne a ƙididdige lambar atomic mai tasiri \(\:{Z}_{eff}\). Murthy et al. 20 ne suka gabatar da dabarar:
Matsakaicin kuzarin motsawa \(\:I\) yana bayyana yadda kayan da aka nufa ke shaƙar kuzarin ƙwayoyin da ke shiga cikin sauƙi. Yana bayyana halayen kayan da aka nufa ne kawai kuma ba shi da alaƙa da halayen ƙwayoyin. \(\:I\) ana iya ƙididdige shi ta hanyar amfani da ƙa'idar ƙarin Bragg:
Ma'aunin rage yawan taro \(\:\mu\:/\rho\:\) yana bayyana shigar da iska da kuma sakin kuzarin photons a cikin kayan da aka yi niyya. Ana iya ƙididdige shi ta amfani da dabarar da ke ƙasa:
Inda \(\:x\) shine kauri na kayan, \(\:{I}_{0}\) shine ƙarfin hasken da ya faru, kuma \(\:I\) shine ƙarfin photon bayan shiga cikin kayan. Ana iya samun bayanai kai tsaye daga Bayanan NIST 12621 na Ma'auni na Bayani. \(\:\mu\:/\rho\:\) ƙimomin gauraye da mahaɗan ana iya samo su ta amfani da ƙa'idar ƙari kamar haka:
HU wani yanki ne mai daidaitaccen ma'auni wanda ba shi da girma na auna yawan hasken rediyo a cikin fassarar bayanan kwamfuta (CT), wanda aka canza shi daga ma'aunin rage ƙarfin da aka auna \(\:\mu\:\). An bayyana shi kamar haka:
inda \(\:{\mu\:}_{water}\) shine ma'aunin rage ruwa, kuma \(\:{\mu\:}_{air}\) shine ma'aunin rage iska. Saboda haka, daga dabara (6) mun ga cewa ƙimar HU na ruwa shine 0, kuma ƙimar HU na iska shine -1000. Darajar HU ga huhun ɗan adam tana tsakanin -600 zuwa -70022.
An ƙirƙiro kayayyaki da dama masu kama da nama. Griffith da abokan aikinsa 23 sun ƙirƙiro samfurin jikin ɗan adam wanda aka yi da polyurethane (PU) wanda aka ƙara yawan sinadarin calcium carbonate (CaCO3) daban-daban don kwaikwayon ma'aunin rage kitse na gabobin ɗan adam daban-daban ciki har da huhun ɗan adam, kuma an sanya wa samfurin suna Griffith. Taylor24 sun gabatar da wani samfurin na biyu mai kama da na huhu wanda Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory (LLNL) ta ƙirƙira, mai suna LLLL1. Traub da abokan aikinsa 25 sun ƙirƙiro wani sabon madadin na huhu ta amfani da Foamex XRS-272 wanda ke ɗauke da 5.25% CaCO3 a matsayin mai haɓaka aiki, wanda aka sanya wa suna ALT2. Teburin 1 da 2 sun nuna kwatancen \(\:\rho\:\), \(\:{\rho\:}_{e}\), \(\:{Z}_{eff}\), \(\:I\) da ma'aunin rage kitse na huhun ɗan adam (ICRU-44) da samfuran ma'aunin nama na sama.
Duk da kyawawan halayen rediyo da aka samu, kusan dukkan kayan fatalwa an yi su ne da kumfa polystyrene, wanda ke nufin cewa halayen injinan waɗannan kayan ba za su iya kusantar na huhun ɗan adam ba. Tsarin Young (YM) na kumfa polyurethane yana da kusan 500 kPa, wanda ba shi da kyau idan aka kwatanta da huhun ɗan adam na yau da kullun (kimanin 5-10 kPa). Saboda haka, ya zama dole a ƙirƙiri sabon abu wanda zai iya dacewa da halayen injiniya da na rediyo na ainihin huhun ɗan adam.
Ana amfani da Hydrogels sosai a fannin injiniyan nama. Tsarinsa da halayensa suna kama da matrix na extracellular (ECM) kuma ana iya daidaita su cikin sauƙi. A cikin wannan binciken, an zaɓi sinadarin sodium alginate mai tsarki a matsayin kayan halitta don shirya kumfa. Alginate hydrogels suna da jituwa da halittu kuma ana amfani da su sosai a fannin injiniyan nama saboda halayen injiniyan da ake iya daidaitawa. Haɗin sinadarin sodium alginate (C6H7NaO6)n da kasancewar Ca2+ yana ba da damar daidaita halayen rediyo kamar yadda ake buƙata. Wannan haɗin halayen injiniya da na rediyo mai daidaitawa yana sa alginate hydrogels ya dace da bincikenmu. Tabbas, alginate hydrogels suma suna da iyakoki, musamman dangane da kwanciyar hankali na dogon lokaci yayin zagayowar numfashi da aka kwaikwayi. Saboda haka, ana buƙatar ƙarin ci gaba kuma ana sa ran a cikin nazarin nan gaba don magance waɗannan iyakoki.
A cikin wannan aikin, mun ƙirƙiri wani abu mai suna alginate hydrogel kumfa mai ƙimar rho mai sarrafawa, sassauci, da kuma halayen rediyo kama da na nama na huhu na ɗan adam. Wannan binciken zai samar da mafita gabaɗaya don ƙera fatalwowi masu kama da nama tare da halayen roba da na rediyo masu iya canzawa. Ana iya daidaita halayen kayan cikin sauƙi ga kowace nama da gabobi na ɗan adam.
An ƙididdige rabon iska da girma na kumfa hydrogel bisa ga kewayon HU na huhun ɗan adam (-600 zuwa -700). An ɗauka cewa kumfa cakuda ce mai sauƙi ta iska da kuma alginate hydrogel na roba. Ta amfani da ƙa'idar ƙarawa mai sauƙi ta abubuwan da ke cikinsa \(\:\mu\:/\rho\:\), za a iya ƙididdige ƙashin girma na iska da rabon girma na alginate hydrogel da aka haɗa.
An shirya kumfa na alginate hydrogel ta amfani da sodium alginate (Lambar Sashe W201502), CaCO3 (Lambar Sashe 795445, MW: 100.09), da kuma GDL (Lambar Sashe G4750, MW: 178.14) da aka saya daga Kamfanin Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, MO. An sayi kashi 70% na Sodium Lauryl Ether Sulfate (SLES 70) daga Renowned Trading LLC. An yi amfani da ruwan da aka cire ion a cikin tsarin shirya kumfa. An narkar da Sodium alginate a cikin ruwan da aka cire ion a zafin ɗaki tare da juyawa akai-akai (600 rpm) har sai an sami ruwan da ya yi kama da rawaya mai haske. An yi amfani da CaCO3 tare da GDL a matsayin tushen Ca2+ don fara gelation. An yi amfani da SLES 70 a matsayin surfactant don samar da tsari mai ramuka a cikin hydrogel. An kiyaye yawan alginate a 5% kuma an kiyaye rabon molar na Ca2+:-COOH a 0.18. An kuma kiyaye rabon CaCO3:GDL molar a 0.5 yayin shirya kumfa don kiyaye pH mai tsaka tsaki. An ƙara ƙimar 26.2% ta girman SLES 70 ga duk samfuran. An yi amfani da beaker mai murfi don sarrafa rabon haɗawar maganin da iska. Jimlar girman beaker ɗin shine 140 ml. Dangane da sakamakon lissafin ka'ida, an ƙara nau'ikan cakuda daban-daban (50 ml, 100 ml, 110 ml) a cikin beaker don haɗawa da iska. An tsara samfurin da ke ɗauke da 50 ml na cakuda don haɗawa da isasshen iska, yayin da aka sarrafa rabon girman iska a cikin sauran samfuran biyu. Da farko, an ƙara SLES 70 a cikin maganin alginate kuma an juya shi da mai kunna wutar lantarki har sai an gauraya gaba ɗaya. Sannan, an ƙara dakatarwar CaCO3 a cikin cakuda kuma ana juyawa akai-akai har sai cakuda ya gauraya gaba ɗaya, lokacin da launinsa ya canza zuwa fari. A ƙarshe, an ƙara maganin GDL a cikin cakuda don fara haɗawa, kuma an ci gaba da motsa injina a duk tsawon aikin. Ga samfurin da ke ɗauke da 50 ml na cakuda, an dakatar da juyawar injina lokacin da yawan cakuda ya daina canzawa. Ga samfuran da ke ɗauke da 100 ml da 110 ml na cakuda, an dakatar da juyawar injina lokacin da cakuda ya cika beaker. Mun kuma yi ƙoƙarin shirya kumfa hydrogel mai girma tsakanin 50 ml da 100 ml. Duk da haka, an lura da rashin daidaiton tsarin kumfa, yayin da yake canzawa tsakanin yanayin haɗa iska gaba ɗaya da yanayin sarrafa ƙarar iska, wanda ya haifar da rashin daidaiton sarrafa ƙarar. Wannan rashin daidaituwa ya haifar da rashin tabbas a cikin lissafin, don haka wannan kewayon ƙarar ba a haɗa shi cikin wannan binciken ba.
Ana ƙididdige yawan \(\:\rho\:\) na kumfa hydrogel ta hanyar auna nauyin \(\:m\) da girma \(\:V\) na samfurin kumfa hydrogel.
An samo hotunan ƙananan na'urorin hangen nesa na kumfa hydrogel ta amfani da kyamarar Zeiss Axio Observer A1. An yi amfani da manhajar ImageJ don ƙididdige adadi da girman rarraba ramuka a cikin samfurin a wani yanki bisa ga hotunan da aka samu. Ana ɗauka cewa siffar ramukan zagaye ce.
Domin nazarin halayen injina na kumfan hydrogel na alginate, an yi gwaje-gwajen matsi na uniaxial ta amfani da injin jerin TESTRESOURCES 100. An yanke samfuran zuwa tubalan murabba'i kuma an auna girman tubalan don ƙididdige damuwa da nau'ikan. An saita saurin kan giciye a 10 mm/min. An gwada samfura uku ga kowane samfurin kuma an ƙididdige matsakaicin karkacewar da aka saba daga sakamakon. Wannan binciken ya mayar da hankali kan halayen injina na matsi na kumfan hydrogel na alginate tunda kyallen huhu yana fuskantar matsin lamba a wani mataki na zagayowar numfashi. Ba shakka faɗaɗawa yana da mahimmanci, musamman don nuna cikakken yanayin aiki na kyallen huhu kuma za a bincika wannan a cikin nazarin gaba.
An yi amfani da na'urar daukar hoton kumfa ta Siemens SOMATOM Drive mai tashoshi biyu. An saita sigogin daukar hoton kamar haka: 40 mAs, 120 kVp da kauri na yanki 1 mm. An yi nazarin fayilolin DICOM da suka fito ta amfani da manhajar MicroDicom DICOM Viewer don yin nazarin ƙimar HU na sassan giciye guda 5 na kowane samfurin. An kwatanta ƙimar HU da CT ta samu da lissafin ka'idoji bisa ga bayanan yawan samfuran.
Manufar wannan binciken ita ce a kawo sauyi a cikin ƙirƙirar samfuran gabobi da kyallen halitta ta hanyar ƙirƙirar kayan laushi. Haɓaka kayan aiki tare da halayen injiniya da na rediyo waɗanda suka dace da hanyoyin aiki na huhun ɗan adam yana da mahimmanci don aikace-aikacen da aka yi niyya kamar inganta horon likita, tsara tiyata, da tsara maganin radiation. A cikin Hoto na 1A, mun zana bambance-bambancen da ke tsakanin halayen injiniya da na rediyo na kayan laushi waɗanda aka yi amfani da su don ƙera samfuran huhun ɗan adam. Zuwa yanzu, an ƙirƙiri kayan da ke nuna halayen rediyo da ake so, amma halayen injinan su ba su cika buƙatun da ake so ba. Kumfa da roba na polyurethane sune kayan da aka fi amfani da su don ƙera samfuran huhun ɗan adam masu nakasa. Abubuwan injiniya na kumfa polyurethane (Young's modulus, YM) yawanci sun fi na kyallen huhun ɗan adam sau 10 zuwa 100 girma. Ba a san kayan da ke nuna halayen injiniya da na rediyo da ake so ba tukuna.
(A) Tsarin wakilcin halayen kayan laushi daban-daban da kwatantawa da huhun ɗan adam dangane da yawan abu, tsarin Young da halayen rediyo (a cikin HU). (B) Tsarin watsa hasken X-ray na alginate hydrogel mai yawan 5% da rabon molar na Ca2+:-COOH na 0.18. (C) Tsarin rabon girman iska a cikin kumfa hydrogel. (D) Tsarin wakilcin kumfa hydrogel na alginate tare da rabon girman iska daban-daban.
An ƙididdige abubuwan da ke cikin alginate hydrogels tare da yawan 5% da kuma rabon molar na Ca2+:-COOH na 0.18, kuma an nuna sakamakon a cikin Jadawali na 3. Dangane da ƙa'idar ƙari a cikin dabarar da ta gabata (5), an sami ƙimar rage taro na alginate hydrogel \(\:\:\mu\:/\rho\:\) kamar yadda aka nuna a Hoto na 1B.
An samo ƙimar \(\:\mu\:/\rho\:\) na iska da ruwa kai tsaye daga bayanan ma'auni na NIST 12612. Don haka, Hoto na 1C yana nuna rabon girman iska da aka ƙididdige a cikin kumfa hydrogel tare da ƙimar HU daidai tsakanin -600 da -700 ga huhun ɗan adam. Rabon girman iska da aka ƙididdige a ka'ida yana da karko a cikin 60-70% a cikin kewayon kuzari daga 1 × 10−3 zuwa 2 × 101 MeV, yana nuna kyakkyawan damar amfani da kumfa hydrogel a cikin hanyoyin kera ƙasa.
Siffa ta 1D tana nuna samfurin kumfa na alginate hydrogel da aka shirya. An yanke dukkan samfuran zuwa cubes tare da tsawon gefen 12.7 mm. Sakamakon ya nuna cewa an samar da kumfa mai kama da juna, mai girma uku mai karko. Ko da kuwa girman iska, ba a ga wani bambanci mai mahimmanci a cikin bayyanar kumfa na hydrogel ba. Yanayin kumfa na hydrogel mai dorewa yana nuna cewa hanyar sadarwa da aka samar a cikin hydrogel tana da ƙarfi sosai don ɗaukar nauyin kumfa kanta. Baya ga ƙaramin adadin ruwan da ke fitowa daga kumfa, kumfa kuma ya nuna kwanciyar hankali na ɗan lokaci na tsawon makonni da yawa.
Ta hanyar auna nauyi da girman samfurin kumfa, an ƙididdige yawan kumfa hydrogel da aka shirya \(\:\rho\:\), kuma an nuna sakamakon a cikin Jadawali na 4. Sakamakon ya nuna dogaro da \(\:\rho\:\) akan rabon girma na iska. Lokacin da aka haɗa isasshen iska da 50 ml na samfurin, yawan ya zama mafi ƙanƙanta kuma shine 0.482 g/cm3. Yayin da adadin iskar da aka gauraya ke raguwa, yawan ya ƙaru zuwa 0.685 g/cm3. Matsakaicin ƙimar p tsakanin ƙungiyoyin 50 ml, 100 ml da 110 ml shine 0.004 < 0.05, yana nuna mahimmancin ƙididdiga na sakamakon.
Ana kuma ƙididdige ƙimar ka'idar \(\:\rho\:\) ta amfani da rabon ƙarar iska mai sarrafawa. Sakamakon da aka auna ya nuna cewa \(\:\rho\:\) ya fi ƙanƙanta da ƙimar ka'idar 0.1 g/cm³. Ana iya bayanin wannan bambanci ta hanyar damuwa ta ciki da aka samu a cikin hydrogel yayin aikin gelation, wanda ke haifar da kumburi kuma don haka yana haifar da raguwar \(\:\rho\:\). An ƙara tabbatar da hakan ta hanyar lura da wasu gibi a cikin kumfa hydrogel a cikin hotunan CT da aka nuna a Hoto na 2 (A, B da C).
Hotunan na'urar hangen nesa ta na'urar hangen nesa ta kumfa hydrogel tare da nau'ikan iska daban-daban (A) 50, (B) 100, da (C) 110. Lambobin ƙwayoyin halitta da rarraba girman ramuka a cikin samfuran kumfa hydrogel na alginate (D) 50, (E) 100, (F) 110.
Hoto na 3 (A, B, C) yana nuna hotunan na'urar hangen nesa ta samfurin kumfa hydrogel tare da rabon iska daban-daban. Sakamakon ya nuna tsarin gani na kumfa hydrogel, yana nuna hotunan ramuka masu diamita daban-daban. An ƙididdige rarrabawar lambar ramuka da diamita ta amfani da ImageJ. An ɗauki hotuna shida ga kowane samfurin, kowane hoto yana da girman 1125.27 μm × 843.96 μm, kuma jimlar yankin da aka yi nazari a kansa na kowane samfurin shine 5.7 mm².
(A) Halin matsin lamba na kumfa hydrogel na alginate tare da rabon iska daban-daban. (B) Daidaitawar Exponential. (C) Matsi E0 na kumfa hydrogel tare da rabon iska daban-daban. (D) Matsi na ƙarshe da nau'in kumfa hydrogel na alginate tare da rabon iska daban-daban.
Siffa ta 3 (D, E, F) ta nuna cewa rarraba girman ramin ya yi daidai, daga goma na micrometers zuwa kimanin micrometers 500. Girman ramin ya yi daidai, kuma yana raguwa kaɗan yayin da ƙarar iska ke raguwa. Dangane da bayanan gwaji, matsakaicin girman ramin samfurin 50 ml shine 192.16 μm, matsakaicin shine 184.51 μm, kuma adadin ramuka a kowane yanki shine 103; matsakaicin girman ramin samfurin 100 ml shine 156.62 μm, matsakaicin shine 151.07 μm, kuma adadin ramuka a kowane yanki shine 109; ƙimar da ta dace da samfurin 110 ml sune 163.07 μm, 150.29 μm da 115, bi da bi. Bayanan sun nuna cewa manyan ramuka suna da tasiri sosai akan sakamakon ƙididdiga na matsakaicin girman ramin, kuma matsakaicin girman ramin zai iya nuna yanayin canjin girman ramin. Yayin da yawan samfurin ya ƙaru daga milimita 50 zuwa milimita 110, adadin ramukan suma suna ƙaruwa. Idan aka haɗa sakamakon kididdiga na matsakaicin diamita na ramuka da adadin ramukan, za a iya kammala da cewa tare da ƙaruwar girma, ƙarin ramuka masu ƙananan girma suna samuwa a cikin samfurin.
An nuna bayanan gwajin injina a cikin Hotuna 4A da 4D. Hoto na 4A yana nuna halayen matsin lamba na matsin lamba na kumfa hydrogel da aka shirya tare da rabon girma daban-daban na iska. Sakamakon ya nuna cewa duk samfuran suna da irin wannan yanayin matsin lamba na rashin layi. Ga kowane samfurin, matsin lamba yana ƙaruwa da sauri tare da ƙaruwar matsin lamba. An sanya lanƙwasa mai faɗi zuwa ga yanayin matsin lamba na matsin lamba na kumfa hydrogel. Hoto na 4B yana nuna sakamakon bayan amfani da aikin ƙima a matsayin samfurin kimanin ga kumfa hydrogel.
Ga kumfa hydrogel masu bambancin rabon iska, an kuma yi nazarin modulus ɗinsu na matsawa (E0). Kamar yadda aka yi nazarin hydrogels ɗin, an yi binciken modulus ɗin matsawa na Young a cikin kewayon nau'in farko na 20%. Sakamakon gwaje-gwajen matsawa an nuna su a cikin Hoto na 4C. Sakamakon da ke cikin Hoto na 4C ya nuna cewa yayin da rabon ƙarar iska ke raguwa daga samfurin 50 zuwa samfurin 110, modulus ɗin matsawa na Young E0 na kumfa hydrogel na alginate yana ƙaruwa daga 10.86 kPa zuwa 18 kPa.
Hakazalika, an sami cikakkun lanƙwasa na kumfa hydrogel, da kuma ƙimar matsin lamba ta ƙarshe da ƙimar matsin lamba. Hoto na 4D yana nuna matsakaicin matsin lamba da matsin lamba na kumfa hydrogel na alginate. Kowane ma'aunin bayanai shine matsakaicin sakamakon gwaji uku. Sakamakon ya nuna cewa matsakaicin matsin lamba yana ƙaruwa daga 9.84 kPa zuwa 17.58 kPa tare da raguwar abun cikin iskar gas. Matsakaicin matsin lamba ya kasance mai karko a kusan kashi 38%.
Siffa ta 2 (A, B, da C) ta nuna hotunan CT na kumfa hydrogel tare da rabon iska daban-daban da suka yi daidai da samfuran 50, 100, da 110, bi da bi. Hotunan sun nuna cewa kumfa hydrogel da aka samar kusan iri ɗaya ne. An lura da ƙaramin adadin gibi a cikin samfuran 100 da 110. Samuwar waɗannan gibi na iya faruwa ne saboda matsin lamba na ciki da aka samu a cikin hydrogel yayin aikin gelation. Mun ƙididdige ƙimar HU don sassan giciye 5 na kowane samfurin kuma mun jera su a cikin Jadawali na 5 tare da sakamakon lissafin ka'ida mai dacewa.
Tebur na 5 ya nuna cewa samfuran da ke da bambancin rabon iska sun sami ƙimar HU daban-daban. Matsakaicin ƙimar p tsakanin ƙungiyoyin 50 ml, 100 ml da 110 ml shine 0.004 < 0.05, wanda ke nuna mahimmancin ƙididdiga na sakamakon. Daga cikin samfuran uku da aka gwada, samfurin da ke da cakuda 50 ml yana da halayen rediyo mafi kusa da na huhun ɗan adam. Shafi na ƙarshe na Tebur na 5 shine sakamakon da aka samu ta hanyar lissafin ka'ida bisa ƙimar kumfa da aka auna \(\:\rho\:\). Ta hanyar kwatanta bayanan da aka auna da sakamakon ka'ida, za a iya gano cewa ƙimar HU da aka samu ta hanyar duba CT gabaɗaya suna kusa da sakamakon ka'ida, wanda hakan ke tabbatar da sakamakon lissafin rabon iska a cikin Hoto na 1C.
Babban manufar wannan binciken ita ce ƙirƙirar wani abu mai halayen injiniya da na rediyo wanda ya yi daidai da na huhun ɗan adam. An cimma wannan burin ta hanyar ƙirƙirar wani abu da aka yi da hydrogel tare da halayen injiniya da na rediyo waɗanda suka dace da na huhun ɗan adam. Tare da jagorancin lissafin ka'idoji, an shirya kumfa hydrogel tare da rabon iska daban-daban ta hanyar haɗa maganin sodium alginate, CaCO3, GDL da SLES 70 ta hanyar injiniya. Binciken yanayin halittu ya nuna cewa an samar da kumfa hydrogel mai girma uku mai kama da juna. Ta hanyar canza rabon iska, ana iya bambanta yawa da porosity na kumfa yadda aka ga dama. Tare da ƙaruwar yawan iska, girman ramin ya ragu kaɗan kuma adadin pores yana ƙaruwa. An gudanar da gwaje-gwajen matsi don nazarin halayen injiniya na kumfa hydrogel na alginate. Sakamakon ya nuna cewa modulus ɗin matsi (E0) da aka samu daga gwaje-gwajen matsi yana cikin mafi kyawun kewayon huhun ɗan adam. E0 yana ƙaruwa yayin da rabon girman iska ke raguwa. An samo ƙimar halayen rediyo (HU) na samfuran da aka shirya bisa ga bayanan CT na samfuran kuma an kwatanta su da sakamakon lissafin ka'idoji. Sakamakon ya kasance mai kyau. Ƙimar da aka auna kuma tana kusa da ƙimar HU na huhun ɗan adam. Sakamakon ya nuna cewa yana yiwuwa a ƙirƙiri kumfa mai kwaikwayon nama tare da haɗin halayen injiniya da na rediyo waɗanda suka yi kama da halayen huhun ɗan adam.
Duk da sakamako mai kyau, ana buƙatar inganta hanyoyin ƙera na yanzu don inganta sarrafa rabon iska da porosity don daidaita hasashen daga lissafin ka'idoji da ainihin huhun ɗan adam a ma'aunin duniya da na gida. Binciken na yanzu kuma ya takaita ne kawai ga gwada hanyoyin matsewa, wanda ke iyakance yuwuwar amfani da fatalwar zuwa matakin matsewa na zagayowar numfashi. Bincike na gaba zai amfana daga bincika gwajin tensile da kuma cikakken kwanciyar hankali na kayan don tantance yuwuwar amfani a ƙarƙashin yanayin lodi mai ƙarfi. Duk da waɗannan ƙuntatawa, binciken ya zama yunƙurin farko na nasara don haɗa halayen rediyo da na injiniya a cikin abu ɗaya da ke kwaikwayon huhun ɗan adam.
Bayanan da aka samar da/ko aka yi nazari a kansu a lokacin binciken na yanzu suna samuwa daga marubucin da ya dace bisa ga buƙata mai ma'ana. Dukansu gwaje-gwaje da bayanan ana iya sake samarwa.
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