Layin waje mai mannewa na fungi da ƙwayoyin cuta, wanda ake kira "matrix na extracellular" ko ECM, yana da daidaiton jelly kuma yana aiki azaman layer da harsashi mai kariya. Amma a cewar wani bincike da aka yi kwanan nan a cikin mujallar iScience, wanda Jami'ar Massachusetts Amherst ta gudanar tare da haɗin gwiwar Cibiyar Fasaha ta Worcester, ECM na wasu ƙananan halittu yana samar da gel ne kawai a gaban oxalic acid ko wasu simple acids. Saboda ECM yana taka muhimmiyar rawa a komai daga juriyar maganin rigakafi zuwa bututun da suka toshe da kuma gurɓatar na'urorin likitanci, fahimtar yadda ƙananan halittu ke sarrafa layers ɗin gel ɗinsu mai mannewa yana da fa'ida mai yawa ga rayuwarmu ta yau da kullun.

"Ina da sha'awar ƙwayoyin cuta ECMs," in ji Barry Goodell, farfesa a fannin ƙwayoyin cuta a Jami'ar Massachusetts Amherst kuma babban marubucin wannan takarda. "Mutane sau da yawa suna tunanin ECM a matsayin wani yanki na waje mai kariya wanda ba shi da aiki wanda ke kare ƙananan halittu. Amma kuma yana iya zama hanyar samar da sinadarai masu gina jiki da enzymes a ciki da wajen ƙwayoyin cuta."
Rufin yana da ayyuka da yawa: mannewa yana nufin cewa ƙananan halittu daban-daban na iya taruwa wuri ɗaya don samar da ƙwayoyin cuta ko "biofilms", kuma idan isasshen ƙwayoyin cuta suka yi haka, yana iya toshe bututu ko gurɓata kayan aikin likita.
Amma harsashin dole ne ya kasance mai ratsawa: ƙananan halittu da yawa suna fitar da enzymes daban-daban da sauran metabolites ta hanyar ECM, zuwa cikin kayan da suke son ci ko kamuwa da su (kamar ruɓaɓɓen itace ko kyallen ƙashi), sannan, da zarar enzymes sun kammala aikinsu, aikin narkewar abinci - dawo da abubuwan gina jiki ta hanyar ECM.
Wannan yana nufin cewa ECM ba wai kawai wani tsari ne na kariya mai aiki ba; A gaskiya ma, kamar yadda Goodell da abokan aikinsa suka nuna, ƙananan halittu suna da ikon sarrafa danko na ECM ɗinsu da kuma yadda yake aiki. Ta yaya suke yin hakan?
A cikin fungi, sinadarin da ke fitowa daga cikin fungi ya bayyana a matsayin oxalic acid, wani sinadari na halitta wanda ke faruwa a yanayi daban-daban a cikin tsirrai da yawa, kuma, kamar yadda Goodell da abokan aikinsa suka gano, ƙananan halittu da yawa suna amfani da sinadari na oxalic acid da suke fitarwa don ɗaurewa ga yadudduka na carbohydrates na waje. Suna samar da wani abu mai mannewa. , ECM mai kama da jelly.
Amma lokacin da ƙungiyar ta yi duba sosai, sun gano cewa sinadarin oxalic acid ba wai kawai ya taimaka wajen samar da ECM ba, har ma ya “tsara” shi: yawan sinadarin oxalic acid da ƙwayoyin cuta ke ƙarawa a cikin cakuda sinadarin carbohydrate-acid, yawan sinadarin ECM yana ƙara ƙarfi. Yayin da sinadarin ECM ke ƙara ƙarfi, yawan toshe manyan ƙwayoyin cuta daga shiga ko barin ƙwayoyin cuta, yayin da ƙananan ƙwayoyin cuta ke samun 'yancin shiga ƙwayoyin cuta daga muhalli da akasin haka.
Wannan binciken ya ƙalubalanci fahimtar kimiyya ta gargajiya game da yadda nau'ikan mahaɗan da fungi da ƙwayoyin cuta ke fitarwa ke shiga daga waɗannan ƙwayoyin cuta zuwa muhalli. Goodell da abokan aikinsa sun ba da shawarar cewa a wasu lokuta ƙananan ƙwayoyin cuta na iya buƙatar dogaro da fitar da ƙananan ƙwayoyin cuta don kai hari ga matrix ko kyallen da ƙwayoyin cuta suka dogara da shi don tsira ko kamuwa da cuta. Wannan yana nufin cewa fitar da ƙananan ƙwayoyin cuta na iya taka rawa sosai a cikin cututtukan da ke tasowa idan manyan enzymes ba za su iya wucewa ta cikin matrix na ƙwayoyin cuta na waje ba.
"Da alama akwai tsaka-tsaki," in ji Goodell, "inda ƙananan ƙwayoyin cuta za su iya sarrafa matakan acidity don daidaitawa da wani yanayi na musamman, suna riƙe wasu manyan ƙwayoyin halitta, kamar enzymes, yayin da suke barin ƙananan ƙwayoyin halitta su ratsa ta cikin ECM cikin sauƙi. "Sauya ECM tare da oxalic acid na iya zama hanya ga ƙananan ƙwayoyin cuta don kare kansu daga magungunan kashe ƙwayoyin cuta da maganin rigakafi, tunda da yawa daga cikin waɗannan magunguna sun ƙunshi manyan ƙwayoyin cuta. Wannan ikon keɓancewa ne zai iya zama mabuɗin shawo kan ɗaya daga cikin manyan cikas a cikin maganin kashe ƙwayoyin cuta, kamar yadda sarrafa ECM don sa ya zama mai shiga zai iya inganta ingancin maganin kashe ƙwayoyin cuta da magungunan kashe ƙwayoyin cuta.

"Idan za mu iya sarrafa biosynthesis da fitar da ƙananan acid kamar oxalate a cikin wasu ƙwayoyin cuta, to za mu iya kuma sarrafa abin da ke shiga cikin ƙwayoyin cuta, wanda zai iya ba mu damar magance cututtukan ƙwayoyin cuta da yawa mafi kyau," in ji Goodell.
A watan Disamba na 2022, masanin ƙwayoyin cuta Yasu Morita ya sami tallafi daga Cibiyoyin Lafiya na Ƙasa don tallafawa bincike da aka yi niyya don haɓaka sabbin magunguna masu inganci don cutar tarin fuka.

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