An yi bitar wannan labarin bisa ga tsare-tsare da manufofin edita na Science X. Editocin sun jaddada waɗannan halaye yayin da suke tabbatar da sahihancin abubuwan da ke ciki:
Layin waje mai mannewa na fungi da ƙwayoyin cuta, wanda ake kira "matrix na extracellular" ko ECM, yana da daidaiton jelly kuma yana aiki azaman layer da harsashi mai kariya. Amma bisa ga wani bincike da aka buga kwanan nan a cikin mujallar iScience, wanda Jami'ar Massachusetts Amherst ta gudanar tare da haɗin gwiwar Cibiyar Fasaha ta Worcester, ECM na wasu ƙananan halittu yana samar da gel ne kawai a gaban oxalic acid ko wasu simple acids. googletag.cmd.push(function() { googletag.display('div-gpt-ad-1449240174198-2′); });
Saboda ECM tana taka muhimmiyar rawa a komai, tun daga juriyar maganin rigakafi zuwa toshewar bututu da kuma gurɓatar na'urorin likitanci, fahimtar yadda ƙananan halittu ke sarrafa layukan gel ɗinsu masu mannewa yana da fa'ida mai yawa ga rayuwarmu ta yau da kullun.
"Ina da sha'awar ƙwayoyin cuta ECMs," in ji Barry Goodell, farfesa a fannin ƙwayoyin cuta a Jami'ar Massachusetts Amherst kuma babban marubucin wannan takarda. "Mutane sau da yawa suna tunanin ECM a matsayin wani yanki na waje mai kariya wanda ba shi da aiki wanda ke kare ƙananan halittu. Amma kuma yana iya aiki a matsayin hanyar da ke ba da damar gina jiki da enzymes su shiga da fita daga ƙwayoyin cuta."
Rufin yana da ayyuka da yawa: mannewa yana nufin cewa ƙananan halittu daban-daban na iya taruwa wuri ɗaya don samar da ƙwayoyin cuta ko "biofilms", kuma idan isasshen ƙwayoyin cuta suka yi haka, yana iya toshe bututu ko gurɓata kayan aikin likita.
Amma harsashin dole ne ya kasance mai ratsawa. Yawancin ƙwayoyin cuta suna fitar da enzymes daban-daban da sauran metabolites ta hanyar ECM zuwa cikin abin da suke son ci ko kamuwa da shi (kamar ruɓewar itace ko nama mai ƙashi), sannan, lokacin da enzymes ɗin suka kammala aikin narkewar abinci, suna motsa abubuwan gina jiki ta hanyar ECM. Maganin yana komawa cikin jiki. matrix na extracellular.
Wannan yana nufin cewa ECM ba wai kawai wani tsari ne na kariya mai inert ba; A gaskiya ma, kamar yadda Goodell da abokan aikinsa suka nuna, ƙananan halittu suna da ikon sarrafa mannewar ECM ɗinsu da kuma yadda suke shiga. Ta yaya suke yin hakan? Hoton da aka ɗauka: B. Goodell
A cikin namomin kaza, sinadarin da ke fita daga jiki ya bayyana a matsayin oxalic acid, wani sinadari na halitta da ake samu a yanayi daban-daban a cikin tsirrai da yawa. Kamar yadda Goodell da abokan aikinsa suka gano, ƙwayoyin cuta da yawa suna amfani da sinadari na oxalic acid da suke fitarwa don ɗaurewa zuwa ga layin carbohydrates na waje, suna samar da ECM mai mannewa, mai kama da gel.
Amma lokacin da ƙungiyar ta yi duba sosai, sun gano cewa sinadarin oxalic acid ba wai kawai ya taimaka wajen samar da ECM ba, har ma ya “tsara” shi: yawan sinadarin oxalic acid da ƙwayoyin cuta ke ƙarawa a cikin cakuda sinadarin carbohydrate-acid, yawan sinadarin ECM yana ƙara ƙarfi. Yayin da sinadarin ECM ke ƙara ƙarfi, yawan toshe manyan ƙwayoyin cuta daga shiga ko barin ƙwayoyin cuta, yayin da ƙananan ƙwayoyin cuta ke samun 'yancin shiga ƙwayoyin cuta daga muhalli da akasin haka.
Wannan binciken ya ƙalubalanci fahimtar kimiyya ta gargajiya game da yadda nau'ikan mahaɗan da fungi da ƙwayoyin cuta ke fitarwa ke shiga daga waɗannan ƙwayoyin cuta zuwa muhalli. Goodell da abokan aikinsa sun ba da shawarar cewa a wasu lokuta ƙananan ƙwayoyin cuta na iya buƙatar dogaro da fitar da ƙananan ƙwayoyin cuta don kai hari ga matrix ko kyallen da ƙananan ƙwayoyin cuta suka dogara da shi don tsira ko kamuwa da cuta.
Wannan yana nufin cewa fitar da ƙananan ƙwayoyin halitta na iya taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen haifar da cututtuka idan manyan enzymes ba za su iya wucewa ta cikin matrix na ƙwayoyin cuta na extracellular ba.
"Da alama akwai wani yanayi na tsakiya," in ji Goodell, "inda ƙananan halittu za su iya sarrafa matakan acidity don daidaitawa da wani yanayi na musamman, suna riƙe wasu manyan ƙwayoyin halitta, kamar enzymes, yayin da suke barin ƙananan ƙwayoyin halitta su ratsa ta cikin ECM cikin sauƙi."
Sauya ECM ta hanyar oxalic acid na iya zama hanya ga ƙananan ƙwayoyin cuta don kare kansu daga magungunan kashe ƙwayoyin cuta da maganin rigakafi, tunda da yawa daga cikin waɗannan magunguna sun ƙunshi manyan ƙwayoyin cuta. Wannan ikon keɓancewa ne zai iya zama mabuɗin shawo kan ɗaya daga cikin manyan cikas a cikin maganin kashe ƙwayoyin cuta, kamar yadda sarrafa ECM don ya zama mai shiga cikin ruwa zai iya inganta ingancin maganin kashe ƙwayoyin cuta da magungunan kashe ƙwayoyin cuta.
"Idan za mu iya sarrafa biosynthesis da fitar da ƙananan acid kamar oxalate a cikin wasu ƙwayoyin cuta, za mu iya kuma sarrafa abin da ke shiga cikin ƙwayoyin cuta, wanda zai iya ba mu damar magance cututtukan ƙwayoyin cuta da yawa mafi kyau," in ji Goodell.
Ƙarin bayani: Gabriel Perez-Gonzalez et al., Hulɗar oxalates da beta-glucan: tasirin fungal extracellular matrix da metabolite transport, iScience (2023). DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2023.106851
Idan kun ci karo da kuskuren rubutu, ko kuma ba daidai ba ne, ko kuma kuna son gabatar da buƙatar gyara abubuwan da ke cikin wannan shafin, da fatan za a yi amfani da wannan fom ɗin. Don tambayoyi na gabaɗaya, da fatan za a yi amfani da fom ɗin tuntuɓar mu. Don ra'ayoyin gabaɗaya, yi amfani da sashin sharhin jama'a da ke ƙasa (bi umarnin).
Ra'ayoyinku suna da matuƙar muhimmanci a gare mu. Duk da haka, saboda yawan saƙonnin da ake aika mana, ba za mu iya tabbatar da cewa za mu amsa muku ta hanyar da ta dace ba.
Adireshin imel ɗinka ana amfani da shi ne kawai don gaya wa masu karɓa waɗanda suka aiko da imel ɗin. Ba za a yi amfani da adireshinka ko adireshin mai karɓa don wani dalili ba. Bayanan da ka shigar za su bayyana a cikin imel ɗinka kuma Phys.org ba za ta adana su ta kowace hanya ba.
Karɓi sabuntawa na mako-mako da/ko na yau da kullun a cikin akwatin saƙon ku. Kuna iya cire rajista a kowane lokaci kuma ba za mu taɓa raba bayanan ku da wasu kamfanoni ba.
Muna sa abubuwan da muke wallafawa su zama masu sauƙin samu ga kowa. Yi la'akari da tallafawa manufar Kimiyyar X tare da asusun kuɗi mai daraja.
Wannan gidan yanar gizon yana amfani da kukis don sauƙaƙe kewayawa, bincika yadda kuke amfani da ayyukanmu, tattara bayanan keɓance talla, da kuma samar da abun ciki daga wasu kamfanoni. Ta amfani da gidan yanar gizon mu, kuna yarda cewa kun karanta kuma kun fahimci Manufofin Sirrinmu da Sharuɗɗan Amfani.