Kwayoyin halittar da ke da hannu a cikin aikin garkuwar jiki suna da tsarin bayyanar cututtuka marasa tsari a cikin kwakwalwar mutanen da ke da wasu cututtukan jijiyoyi da tabin hankali, gami da autism, a cewar wani sabon bincike da aka gudanar kan dubban samfuran kwakwalwa bayan mutuwa.
Daga cikin kwayoyin halittar garkuwar jiki guda 1,275 da aka yi nazari a kansu, 765 (60%) an bayyana su fiye da kima ko ƙasa a cikin kwakwalwar manya masu ɗaya daga cikin cututtuka shida: autism, schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, depression, Alzheimer's disease, ko Parkinson's disease. Waɗannan tsarin bayyanar cututtuka sun bambanta daga yanayi zuwa yanayi, suna nuna cewa kowannensu yana da "sa hannu" na musamman, in ji babban mai bincike Chunyu Liu, farfesa a fannin tabin hankali da kimiyyar ɗabi'a a Jami'ar Lafiya ta Jihar Arewa da ke Syracuse, New York.
A cewar Liu, bayyanar kwayoyin halittar garkuwar jiki na iya zama alamar kumburi. Wannan kunna garkuwar jiki, musamman a cikin mahaifa, yana da alaƙa da autism, kodayake hanyar da take faruwa ba a fayyace ta ba.
"Ra'ayina shi ne cewa tsarin garkuwar jiki yana taka muhimmiyar rawa a cututtukan kwakwalwa," in ji Liu. "Shi babban ɗan wasa ne."
Christopher Coe, farfesa mai ƙwarewa a fannin ilimin halayyar ɗan adam a Jami'ar Wisconsin-Madison, wanda bai shiga cikin binciken ba, ya ce ba zai yiwu a fahimci daga binciken ko kunna garkuwar jiki yana taka rawa wajen haifar da kowace cuta ko kuma cutar da kanta ba. Wannan ya haifar da canje-canje a kunna garkuwar jiki. Ayuba.
Liu da tawagarsa sun yi nazari kan matakan bayyanar kwayoyin halittar garkuwar jiki guda 1,275 a cikin samfuran kwakwalwa guda 2,467 bayan mutuwa, ciki har da mutane 103 da ke dauke da cutar Autism da kuma sarrafawa guda 1,178. An samo bayanai daga bayanan bayanai guda biyu na transcriptome, ArrayExpress da Gene Expression Omnibus, da kuma wasu nazarce-nazarce da aka buga a baya.
Matsakaicin matakin bayyanar kwayoyin halitta 275 a cikin kwakwalwar marasa lafiya da ke fama da autism ya bambanta da na ƙungiyar kulawa; Kwakwalwar marasa lafiya da ke fama da Alzheimer tana da kwayoyin halitta 638 da aka bayyana daban-daban, sai kuma schizophrenia (220), Parkinson's (97), bipolar (58), da kuma baƙin ciki (27).
Matakan bayyanar cututtuka sun fi bambanta a mazan da ke da autism fiye da mata masu autism, kuma kwakwalwar mata masu baƙin ciki ta bambanta fiye da ta maza masu baƙin ciki. Sauran yanayi huɗu ba su nuna bambancin jinsi ba.
Tsarin bayyanar cututtuka da ke da alaƙa da autism ya fi kama da cututtukan jijiyoyi kamar Alzheimer da Parkinson fiye da sauran cututtukan tabin hankali. A ma'anarsa, matsalolin jijiyoyi dole ne su kasance suna da siffofi na zahiri na kwakwalwa, kamar asarar halayen ƙwayoyin dopaminergic a cikin cutar Parkinson. Masu bincike har yanzu ba su fayyace wannan siffa ta autism ba.
"Wannan [kamance-kamance] kawai yana ba da ƙarin alkibla da muke buƙatar bincikawa," in ji Liu. "Wataƙila wata rana za mu fahimci cututtuka sosai."
Kwayoyin halitta guda biyu, CRH da TAC1, galibi ana samun su a cikin waɗannan cututtukan: CRH ya ragu a cikin dukkan cututtuka banda cutar Parkinson, kuma TAC1 ya ragu a cikin dukkan cututtuka banda baƙin ciki. Duk kwayoyin halitta guda biyu suna shafar kunna ƙwayoyin cuta, ƙwayoyin garkuwar jiki na kwakwalwa.
Coe ya ce kunna ƙwayoyin cuta marasa tsari na iya "ɓata yanayin jijiyoyi da synaptogenesis na yau da kullun," haka nan yana kawo cikas ga ayyukan jijiyoyi a ƙarƙashin yanayi daban-daban.
Wani bincike da aka gudanar a shekarar 2018 kan kyallen kwakwalwa bayan mutuwa ya gano cewa kwayoyin halittar da ke da alaƙa da astrocytes da aikin synaptic suna bayyana daidai a cikin mutanen da ke fama da autism, schizophrenia, ko bipolar disorder. Amma binciken ya gano cewa kwayoyin halittar microglial suna bayyana ne kawai a cikin marasa lafiya da ke fama da autism.
Mutane masu yawan kunna kwayoyin halittar garkuwar jiki na iya kamuwa da "cutar kumburi a jijiyoyi," in ji Michael Benros, shugaban binciken kuma farfesa a fannin ilimin halayyar dan adam da daidaito a Jami'ar Copenhagen da ke Denmark, wanda bai shiga cikin aikin ba.
"Zai iya zama abin sha'awa a yi ƙoƙarin gano waɗannan ƙananan ƙungiyoyin kuma a ba su ƙarin takamaiman magunguna," in ji Benroth.
Binciken ya gano cewa yawancin canje-canjen bayyanar da aka gani a cikin samfuran ƙwayoyin kwakwalwa ba su kasance a cikin bayanai na tsarin bayyanar kwayoyin halitta a cikin samfuran jini daga mutanen da ke da irin wannan cuta ba. Binciken "wanda ba a zata ba" ya nuna mahimmancin nazarin tsarin kwakwalwa, in ji Cynthia Schumann, farfesa a fannin ilimin tabin hankali da halayen ɗabi'a a Cibiyar MIND a UC Davis, wacce ba ta shiga cikin binciken ba.
Liu da tawagarsa suna gina samfuran ƙwayoyin halitta don fahimtar ko kumburi yana da tasiri ga cututtukan kwakwalwa.
An fara buga wannan labarin a Spectrum, babban gidan yanar gizo na binciken autism. Ka ambaci wannan labarin: https://doi.org/10.53053/UWCJ7407