Rayna Singhvi Jain tana da rashin lafiyan zuma. Ciwon ƙafarta mai tsanani ya hana ta yin aiki na tsawon makonni da dama.
Amma hakan bai hana ɗan kasuwa mai shekaru 20 da haihuwa, mai sha'awar zamantakewa, ci gaba da aikinsa na ceto waɗannan muhimman masu samar da furanni, waɗanda yawansu ya ragu tsawon shekaru da dama.
Kimanin kashi 75 cikin 100 na amfanin gona na duniya sun dogara ne, aƙalla wani ɓangare, ga masu yin pollinating kamar ƙudan zuma. Rushewarsu na iya yin babban tasiri ga dukkan yanayin muhallinmu. "Muna nan a yau saboda ƙudan zuma," in ji Jane. "Su ne ginshiƙin tsarin nomanmu, shuke-shukenmu. Godiya gare su muna da abinci."
Jane, 'yar baƙi 'yan asalin ƙasar Indiya da suka zauna a Connecticut, ta ce iyayenta sun koya mata ta daraja rayuwa, komai ƙanƙantarta. Ta ce idan akwai tururuwa a gidan, za su gaya mata ta fitar da ita waje domin ta rayu.
Don haka lokacin da Jane ta ziyarci wurin kiwon dabbobin a shekarar 2018 kuma ta ga tarin kudan zuma da suka mutu, ta yi matukar sha'awar gano abin da ke faruwa. Abin da ta gano ya ba ta mamaki.
"Ragewar kudan zuma sakamakon abubuwa uku ne: ƙwayoyin cuta, magungunan kashe kwari da kuma rashin abinci mai gina jiki," in ji Samuel Ramsey, farfesa a fannin nazarin halittu a Cibiyar Halittu ta Jami'ar Colorado Boulder.
Daga cikin Ps guda uku, mafi yawan masu bayar da gudummawa shine ƙwayoyin cuta, in ji Ramsey, musamman wani nau'in ƙura mai suna Varroa. An fara gano shi a Amurka a shekarar 1987 kuma yanzu ana iya samunsa a kusan kowace gida a faɗin ƙasar.
A cikin bincikensa Ramsey ya lura cewa ƙwari suna cin hantar ƙudan zuma, wanda hakan ke sa su zama masu sauƙin kamuwa da wasu ƙwari, wanda hakan ke lalata garkuwar jikinsu da kuma ikon adana abubuwan gina jiki. Waɗannan ƙwari kuma suna iya yaɗa ƙwayoyin cuta masu kisa, su kawo cikas ga tashi, sannan daga ƙarshe su haifar da mutuwar dukkan ƙwayoyin cuta.
Da kwarin gwiwar malamin kimiyyar makarantar sakandare, Jain ya fara neman mafita don kawar da kamuwa da ƙwayoyin cuta na varroa a shekararsa ta farko. Bayan gwaje-gwaje da kurakurai da yawa, ta fito da HiveGuard, wani nau'in maganin kwari mai siffar 3D wanda aka lulluɓe shi da maganin kwari marasa guba wanda ake kira thymol.
"Lokacin da kudan zumar ta ratsa ta ƙofar shiga, ana shafa thymol a jikin kudan zumar kuma yawan da ke cikinta na ƙarshe yana kashe ƙwayar varroa amma yana barin kudan zumar ba tare da wata illa ba," in ji Jane.
Kimanin masu kiwon zuma 2,000 ne suka gwada na'urar tun daga watan Maris na 2021, kuma Jane na shirin fitar da ita a hukumance daga baya a wannan shekarar. Bayanan da ta tattara zuwa yanzu sun nuna raguwar kamuwa da cutar mite ta varroa da kashi 70% makonni uku bayan shigarwa ba tare da an bayar da rahoton illa ba.
Ana sanya Thymol da sauran acaricides na halitta kamar oxalic acid, formic acid, da hops a cikin gida a cikin tsiri ko tire yayin da ake ci gaba da sarrafa su. Akwai kuma sinadaran roba, waɗanda galibi sun fi tasiri amma sun fi cutarwa ga muhalli, in ji Ramsey. Ya gode wa Jane saboda ƙwarewarsa wajen ƙirƙirar na'urar da ke ƙara tasirin mites yayin da yake kare ƙudan zuma da muhalli daga illa.
Zuma zuma tana cikin mafi kyawun masu samar da furannin fure a duniya. Ana buƙatar gudummawarsu ga nau'ikan 'ya'yan itatuwa, kayan lambu da goro sama da 130, ciki har da almond, cranberries, zucchini da avocado. Don haka lokaci na gaba da za ku ci apple ko ku sha kofi, duk godiya ce ga zuma, in ji Jane.
Kashi ɗaya bisa uku na abincin da muke ci yana cikin haɗari yayin da matsalar yanayi ke barazana ga rayuwar malam buɗe ido da ƙudan zuma
USDA ta kiyasta cewa a Amurka kaɗai, ƙudan zuma suna yin furen amfanin gona na dala biliyan 15 kowace shekara. Yawancin waɗannan amfanin gona ana yin furen ne ta hanyar ayyukan kiwon zuma da ake gudanarwa waɗanda ake bayarwa a duk faɗin ƙasar. Yayin da yake ƙara tsada don kare yawan ƙudan zuma, waɗannan ayyukan kuma suna ƙara tsada, in ji Ramsey, tare da tasiri kai tsaye kan farashin masu amfani.
Amma Hukumar Abinci da Noma ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta yi gargadin cewa idan yawan kudan zuma ya ci gaba da raguwa, mummunan sakamakon zai zama babbar barazana ga ingancin abinci da amincinsa.
HiveGuard ɗaya ce kawai daga cikin hanyoyin da Jane ke amfani da dabarun kasuwanci don tallafawa ƙudan zuma. A shekarar 2020, ta kafa kamfanin ƙarin lafiya na Queen Bee, wanda ke sayar da abubuwan sha masu lafiya waɗanda ke ɗauke da samfuran kudan zuma kamar zuma da jelly na royal. Kowace kwalba da aka sayar ana shuka ta da bishiyar pollinator ta hanyar Trees for the Future, wata ƙungiya mai zaman kanta da ke aiki tare da iyalai masu noma a yankin kudu da hamadar Sahara na Afirka.
"Babban fatana ga muhalli shine in dawo da daidaito da kuma rayuwa cikin jituwa da yanayi," in ji Jane.
Ta yi imanin cewa hakan zai yiwu, amma zai buƙaci tunani a kan ƙungiyoyi. "Mutane za su iya koyo da yawa daga ƙudan zuma a matsayin wani ɓangare na gina zamantakewa," in ji ta.
"Yadda za su iya yin aiki tare, yadda za su iya ƙarfafawa da kuma yadda za su iya yin sadaukarwa don ci gaban mulkin mallaka."
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