A ranar 20 ga Afrilu, 2023, Hukumar Kare Muhalli ta Amurka (EPA) ta sanar da fitar da wata doka da aka gabatar a karkashin Sashe na 6(a) na Dokar Kula da Abubuwa Masu Guba (TSCA) wadda ta haramta yawancin amfani da methylene chloride. Hukumar EPA ta bayyana cewa kimanta hadarin da ba a tabbatar da shi ba ga dichloromethane ya faru ne saboda haɗarin da ke tattare da ma'aikata, ƙwararrun waɗanda ba sa amfani da shi (ONUs), masu amfani, da waɗanda ke kusa da amfani da shi ga masu amfani. Hukumar Kare Muhalli ta gano haɗarin mummunan tasirin lafiyar ɗan adam daga shaƙa da fallasa fata ga methylene chloride, gami da gubar jijiyoyi, tasirin hanta, da ciwon daji. Hukumar EPA ta ce dokar da ta gabatar ta kula da haɗari za ta "rage" samar da methylene chloride, sarrafawa da rarrabawa ga duk masu amfani da mafi yawan amfani da masana'antu da kasuwanci, wanda mafi yawansu za a cika su cikin watanni 15. Hukumar EPA ta lura cewa ga yawancin amfani da methylene chloride, za ta ba da shawarar hana shi. Binciken ya nuna cewa madadin samfuran methylene chloride masu irin wannan farashi da inganci suna samuwa. Da zarar an buga dokar da aka gabatar a cikin Rijistar Tarayya, za a fara lokacin sharhi na kwanaki 60.
A ƙarƙashin daftarin dokar da aka gabatar a ƙarƙashin Sashe na 6(b) na TSCA, EPA ta gano cewa methylene chloride yana haifar da haɗarin rauni mara dalili ga lafiya, ba tare da la'akari da farashi ko wasu abubuwan da ba su da haɗari ba, gami da haɗarin da ba shi da dalili a cikin yanayin amfani (COU) ga waɗanda aka gano a matsayin waɗanda za su iya fuskantar ko kuma waɗanda za su iya fuskantar ƙimar haɗarin methylene chloride na 2020. Don kawar da haɗarin da ba shi da dalili, EPA ta ba da shawarar, daidai da Sashe na 6(a) na TSCA:
EPA ta bayyana cewa duk TSCA COUs na dichloromethane (banda amfaninsa a cikin fenti na masu amfani da fenti da masu cire fenti, waɗanda ke aiki daban-daban a ƙarƙashin Sashe na 6 na TSCA (84 Fed. Reg. 11420, Maris 27, 2019)) suna ƙarƙashin wannan tayin. A cewar EPA, TSCA ta bayyana COUs a matsayin yanayi da ake tsammani, sananne, ko kuma wanda za a iya gani a hankali wanda a ƙarƙashinsa ake samar da sinadarai, sarrafawa, rarrabawa, amfani da su, ko zubar da su don dalilai na kasuwanci. EPA tana neman jama'a su yi tsokaci kan fannoni daban-daban na shawarar.
A cewar wata sanarwa da EPA ta fitar, EPA ta yi shawarwari da Hukumar Tsaron Ayyuka da Lafiya (OSHA) wajen tsara dokar da aka gabatar "kuma ta yi la'akari da buƙatun OSHA da ke akwai wajen haɓaka kariyar ma'aikata da aka gabatar." don kawar da haɗarin da ba su dace ba. Ma'aikata za su sami shekara guda don bin ƙa'idar WCPP bayan EPA ta fitar da ƙa'idodin kula da haɗari na ƙarshe kuma za a buƙaci su sa ido kan wuraren aikinsu akai-akai don tabbatar da cewa ma'aikata ba su fuskantar methylene chloride ba, wanda zai iya haifar da haɗari mara ma'ana.
Hukumar EPA "tana kira ga jama'a da su sake duba dokar da aka gabatar tare da bayar da ra'ayoyinsu." Hukumar EPA ta ce tana "sha'awar jin ra'ayoyin ƙungiyoyin da ake buƙata don aiwatar da shirin da aka gabatar kan yuwuwar da ingancin buƙatun kariyar ma'aikata da aka gabatar." Hukumar EPA, za ta shirya wani taron tattaunawa a buɗe ga ma'aikata da ma'aikata a cikin makonni masu zuwa, "amma zai zama da amfani ga duk wanda ke neman taƙaitaccen bayani game da matakan ƙa'idoji da aka gabatar don tattauna shirye-shiryen da aka gabatar."
Bergeson & Campbell, PC (B&C®) sun annabta alkiblar matakan sarrafa methylene chloride da EPA ta gabatar da kuma manyan zaɓuɓɓukan sarrafawa. Dokar da EPA ta gabatar ta yi daidai da shawarwarinta a cikin daftarin dokar kula da haɗarin chrysotile da aka gabatar, gami da matakan ƙa'idoji da aka gabatar don hana amfani da su, manyan hanyoyin ƙa'idoji don amfani da lokaci a ƙarƙashin Sashe na 6(g) na TSCA (misali, tsaron ƙasa da muhimman kayayyakin more rayuwa) da kuma gabatar da iyakokin fallasa sinadarai na yanzu (ECELs) waɗanda ke ƙasa da iyakokin fallasa na aiki na yanzu. A ƙasa, mun taƙaita batutuwa da dama da membobin al'umma da aka tsara ya kamata su yi la'akari da su lokacin shirya ra'ayoyin jama'a kan daftarin dokokin da aka gabatar, kuma muna tunatar da kowa muhimmancin yin hulɗa da EPA tun da wuri a cikin shirye-shiryen da ba a tsara ba don samar da bayanai kan ayyukan ƙa'idoji a cikin yanayi. Dokoki, gami da TSCA.
Ganin sabuwar manufar EPA tare da tsarin "dukkan sinadarai", ba mu yi mamakin ganin cewa matakin da EPA ta gabatar na ƙa'ida shine "hana yawancin amfani da dichloromethane na masana'antu da kasuwanci ba." Duk da haka, EPA tana ba da babban madadin ƙa'ida don ba da damar wasu amfani da aka tsara da aka haramta su ci gaba da bin ƙa'idar WCPP. Mun ambaci wannan saboda Sashe na 6(a) na TSCA ya bayyana cewa dole ne EPA "tayi amfani da buƙatu don kawar da haɗari marasa ma'ana har zuwa lokacin da ake buƙata don kada sinadarai ko cakuda su sake haifar da irin waɗannan haɗarin." Idan WCPP tare da ECEL yana kare lafiya da muhalli, kamar yadda EPA ta ba da shawara, da alama haramcin amfani da wasu amfani ya wuce ƙa'idar "matakin buƙata". Ko da WCPP yana da kariya, haramcin amfani da masu amfani da ke akwai har yanzu yana da hujja saboda masu amfani ba za su iya nuna da kuma yin rijistar bin ka'idojin kariya a cikin WCPP ba. A gefe guda kuma, idan wurin aiki zai iya nuna da kuma yin rijistar bin ka'idojin WCPP, to da alama ya kamata a ci gaba da ba da izinin irin wannan amfani.
A matsayin wani ɓangare na buƙatun WCPP, EPA ta bayyana cewa za ta buƙaci "bisa ga Kyawawan Ayyukan Dakunan Gwaji [GLP] 40 CFR Sashe na 792". Wannan buƙatar ta saba wa yawancin ƙoƙarin sa ido a wurin aiki da aka gudanar bisa ga ƙa'idodin Shirin Tabbatar da Dakunan Gwaji na Masana'antu (IHLAP). Tsammanin EPA na gwajin GLP don sa ido a wurin aiki ya yi daidai da umarnin gwaji da aka bayar a 2021, amma ba umarnin amincewa na yau da kullun ba. Misali, samfurin oda na EPA TSCA Sashe na 5(e) ya ƙayyade waɗannan a Sashe na III.D:
Duk da haka, ba a buƙatar bin ƙa'idodin TSCA GLP a cikin wannan sabon sashin Iyakokin Fuskantar Sinadarai ba, inda hanyoyin bincike ke tabbatar da ingancinsu ta hanyar dakin gwaje-gwaje da aka amince da su: American Industrial Hygiene Association ("AIHA") Industrial Hygiene Laboratory Certification Program ("IHLAP") ko wani shiri makamancin haka da EPA ta amince da shi a rubuce.
Hukumar EPA ta nemi a yi tsokaci kan takamaiman fannoni na dokar da aka gabatar, wadda B&C ta ba da shawarar cewa ɓangarorin da abin ya shafa su yi la'akari da su. Misali, hukumar EPA tana tattaunawa kan ikon da ke ƙarƙashin Sashe na 6(g) na TSCA don ba da keɓancewa na ɗan lokaci ga wasu sharuɗɗan amfani kamar jiragen sama, kuma hukumar EPA ta yi jayayya cewa bin ƙa'idodin da aka gabatar zai "ruguza ... muhimman kayayyakin more rayuwa." "Mun lura cewa wannan sassaucin zai haɗa da bin ƙa'idodin WCPP. Hakazalika, idan WCPP yana da kariya kuma cibiyar za ta iya bin ƙa'idodin WCPP (misali sassan ECEL 2 marasa ciwon daji na yau da kullun a kowace miliyan (ppm) da iyakokin fallasa na ɗan gajeren lokaci (STEL) sassa 16 a kowace miliyan), kalmar ta bayyana ta wuce buƙatun kiwon lafiya da kare muhalli. Mun yi imanin cewa za a yi amfani da keɓewa lokacin da kariya ba ta isa ba don magance haɗari kuma haramcin zai kawo cikas ga sassa masu mahimmanci (kamar tsaro, sararin samaniya, kayayyakin more rayuwa) na EPA. Akwai wata hanya makamanciyar Dokar Tarayyar Turai kan Rijista, Kimantawa, Izini da Takaita Sinadarai (REACH), inda za a haramta abubuwa masu haɗari koda kuwa matakan tsaro sun isa, a cikin dukkan lokuta kaɗan. Kodayake wannan hanyar na iya samun jan hankali gabaɗaya, amma a ra'ayinmu, bai cika umarnin Sashe na 6 na EPA ba. Idan Majalisa za ta canza TSCA zuwa aiki kamar REACH, Majalisa za ta yarda da wannan samfurin, amma a bayyane yake ba haka ba.
Hukumar EPA ta ambaci wata takarda ta 2022 mai taken "Kimanta Madadin Amfani da Dichloromethane" (shafi na 40 a cikin dokar da aka gabatar) a duk tsawon dokar da aka gabatar. Dangane da wannan kimantawa, EPA ta bayyana cewa "ta gano samfuran da ke ɗauke da sinadarai waɗanda ke da ƙimar tantance haɗarin ƙarshe ƙasa da dichloromethane da wasu sinadarai waɗanda ƙimar tantance haɗari ta fi dichloromethane (shafi na 40)". A lokacin wannan sharhin, EPA ba ta ɗora wannan takardar zuwa Jerin Binciken Dokoki ba, kuma EPA ba ta sanya ta a cikin bayanan binciken Lafiya da Muhalli na kan layi (HERO) ba. Ba tare da bincika cikakkun bayanai na wannan takarda ba, ba zai yiwu a tantance dacewar madadin ga kowane amfani ba. Madadin cire fenti bazai yi aiki kamar abubuwan narkewa ba, kamar waɗanda ake amfani da su don tsaftace abubuwan lantarki masu mahimmanci a cikin jirgin sama.
Mun ambaci rashin takardu a sama domin ƙungiyoyin da aka yi niyyar hana EPA za su buƙaci wannan bayanin don tantance yuwuwar fasaha na madadin, tantance yuwuwar yuwuwar yiwuwar madadin da ya dace (wanda zai iya haifar da matakin ƙa'idar TSCA a nan gaba), da kuma shirya ra'ayin jama'a. . Mun lura cewa EPA ta Amurka tana tattaunawa kan irin waɗannan batutuwan "madadin" a cikin ƙa'idar chrysotile da aka gabatar, wanda ya haɗa da niyyar EPA ta Amurka na hana amfani da chrysotile a cikin diaphragms da ake amfani da su a masana'antar chlor-alkali. EPA ta yarda cewa "madadin fasahar don diaphragms masu ɗauke da asbestos a cikin samar da chlor-alkali suna da yawan abubuwan perfluoroalkyl da polyfluoroalkyl (PFAS) idan aka kwatanta da adadin mahaɗan PFAS da ke cikin diaphragms masu ɗauke da asbestos," amma ba ta ƙara kwatanta haɗarin da haɗarin madadin ba.
Baya ga batutuwan da suka shafi kula da haɗari da ke sama, mun yi imanin cewa kimantawar Hukumar Kare Muhalli ta Amurka game da haɗarin da ke tattare da dichloromethane har yanzu tana da manyan gibin shari'a. Kamar yadda aka tattauna a cikin takardar bayaninmu na ranar 11 ga Nuwamba, 2022, EPA ta yi nuni da amfani da takardar 2018 mai taken "Amfani da Nazari Mai Tsari ga Kimanta Hadarin TSCA" ("Takardar SR ta 2018") a matsayin tushen aiwatar da wajibai. Bukatar tana amfani da mafi kyawun bayanan kimiyya da shaidar kimiyya kamar yadda aka ƙayyade a Sashe na 26(h) da (i) na TSCA bi da bi. Misali, EPA ta bayyana a cikin ƙa'idar da ta gabatar kan methylene chloride cewa:
Hukumar EPA ta ɗauki dichloromethane ECEL a matsayin mafi kyawun kimiyya da ake da ita a ƙarƙashin Sashe na 26(h) na TSCA saboda an samo shi ne daga bayanan da aka samu daga kimanta haɗarin dichloromethane na 2020, wanda sakamakon cikakken bincike mai tsari ne da aka gudanar. gwaje-gwaje don gano duk wani mummunan tasirin lafiya. [jaddada a ƙasa]
Kamar yadda muka rubuta a baya, Kwalejin Kimiyya, Injiniya da Magunguna ta Ƙasa (NASEM) ta sake duba takardar SR ta 2018 bisa buƙatar EPA kuma ta kammala da cewa:
Tsarin da OPPT ta bi wajen yin bitar tsarin bai nuna gaskiyar lamarin yadda ya kamata ba, kuma ya kamata OPPT ta sake duba hanyar da ta bi wajen yin bitar tsarin kuma ta yi la'akari da tsokaci da shawarwarin da ke cikin wannan rahoton.
Ana tunatar da masu karatu cewa Sashe na 26(h) na TSCA yana buƙatar EPA ta yanke shawara bisa ga mafi kyawun kimiyyar da ake da ita bisa ga Sashe na 4, 5, da 6 na TSCA, waɗanda suka haɗa da ka'idoji da hanyoyi kamar sake dubawa na tsari. Bugu da ƙari, amfani da takardar SR ta 2018 ta EPA a cikin kimanta haɗarin dichloromethane na ƙarshe yana jefa shakku kan bin ka'idodin shaidar kimiyya da aka tsara a Sashe na 26(i) na TSCA, wanda EPA ta ware a matsayin "hanyar nazarin tsari" don shaida ko ta hanyar da aka ƙayyade. … ”
Dokokin EPA guda biyu da aka gabatar a ƙarƙashin Sashe na 6(a) na TSCA, wato Chrysotile da Methylene Chloride, sun tsara ƙa'idodi don ƙa'idodin kula da haɗari da EPA ta gabatar ga sauran manyan sinadarai 10 da EPA ke ɗauka suna haifar da haɗari marasa ma'ana. Ana amfani da wasu ra'ayoyi a cikin kimanta haɗari na ƙarshe. Masana'antu da ke amfani da waɗannan abubuwan ya kamata su shirya don haramcin da ke tafe, WCPP, ko keɓewa mai iyaka wanda ke buƙatar bin ƙa'idodin WCPP. B&C ya ba da shawarar cewa masu ruwa da tsaki su sake duba ƙa'idar methylene chloride da aka gabatar, koda kuwa masu karatu ba sa amfani da methylene chloride, kuma su ba da ra'ayoyi masu dacewa, suna gane cewa zaɓuɓɓukan kula da haɗari da aka gabatar don methylene chloride za su iya zama wani ɓangare na wasu ƙa'idodin EPA na gaba. Sinadaran da ke da ƙimar haɗari na ƙarshe (misali 1-bromopropane, carbon tetrachloride, 1,4-dioxane, perchlorethylene da trichlorethylene).
Bayanin Gargaɗi: Saboda yanayin wannan sabuntawa gabaɗaya, bayanin da aka bayar a nan bazai yi aiki a kowane yanayi ba, kuma bai kamata a yi aiki da shi ba tare da takamaiman shawarar lauya ba dangane da takamaiman yanayin ku.
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