Hukumar Kare Muhalli ta Amurka (EPA) ta ba da shawarar hana kusan duk wani amfani da dichloromethane, wanda kuma aka sani da dichloromethane, wani kaushi da ake amfani da shi da kuma sarrafa kayan aiki. Haramcin da aka ba da shawarar zai yi tasiri sosai akan masana'antu da yawa, tare da tsakanin fam miliyan 100 zuwa 250 na sinadarai da aka samar ko kuma aka shigo da su a cikin 2019. Sauran amfani da suka rage, gami da amfani da reagent don samar da HFC-32, za su kasance ƙarƙashin ƙuntatawa mai ƙarfi fiye da ka'idodin OSHA na yanzu.
EPA ta ba da sanarwar hanawa da hane-hane a cikin ƙa'idar da aka tsara wanda aka buga Mayu 3, 2023, 83 Fed. yin rijista. 28284. Wannan shawara za ta haramta duk sauran masu amfani amfani da dichloromethane. Duk wani amfani da masana'antu da kasuwanci na dichloromethane, gami da azaman ruwan zafi ko wasu kayan taimako, kuma mafi yawan amfani da su azaman sauran ƙarfi, shima za'a haramta shi, ban da takamaiman amfani guda goma, biyu daga cikinsu na musamman ne. An jera abubuwan amfani da aka haramta da waɗanda aka keɓe a ƙarshen wannan gargaɗin. Mahimman sabbin dokokin amfani a nan gaba na iya rufe amfani da ba a haɗa su cikin kowane jerin sunayen ba.
Amfani goman da haramcin bai rufe su ba zai haifar da buƙatu don aiwatar da Tsarin Kariyar Sinadarai na Wurin Aiki (WCPP) bisa ma'aunin OSHA na methylene chloride, amma tare da iyakokin fallasa sinadarai waɗanda ke ƙasa da 92% ƙasa da OSHA damar.
Masu sha'awar suna da har zuwa 3 ga Yuli, 2023 don gabatar da sharhi kan tsarin da aka tsara. EPA ta nemi sharhi kan batutuwa 44, gami da ko buƙatar WCPP ya kamata ta maye gurbin takamaiman haramcin amfani da kuma ko ƙarin jadawalin dakatarwa zai yiwu. Har ila yau, EPA ta nemi sharhi kan ko duk wani amfani da aka haramta ya cancanta a matsayin amfani mai mahimmanci ko mahimmanci, saboda babu wasu amintattun hanyoyin da ake da su.
Wannan shawara ita ce ta biyu da EPA ta gabatar don mahimman sinadarai guda goma waɗanda ke fuskantar kima a ƙarƙashin sashe na 6 na Dokar Kula da Abubuwan Guba (TSCA). Na farko, wannan shawara ce ta hana duk sauran amfani da chrysotile. Doka ta uku ta shafi perchlorethylene, wanda Ofishin Gudanarwa da Kasafin Kudi (OMB) ke nazari tun ranar 23 ga Fabrairu, 2023. Tun daga ranar 20 ga Maris, 2023, daftarin dokar ƙarshe na chrysotile (duba gargaɗin mu) yana ƙarƙashin nazarin OMB.
Ƙididdigar haɗari na Yuni 2020 ya samo haɗari maras tabbas a cikin duka sai yanayi shida inda aka yi amfani da methylene chloride. Duk shida yanzu sun bayyana a cikin jerin sharuɗɗan amfani da aka gabatar dangane da buƙatun WCPP. Ma'anar haɗari na Nuwamba 2022 da aka sake fasalin ya nuna cewa dichloromethane gabaɗaya yana haifar da haɗari mara ma'ana, tare da yanayin amfani guda ɗaya kawai (rarrabuwar kasuwanci) baya shafar ma'anar. Haramcin da aka gabatar zai haɗa da rarraba kasuwanci don abubuwan da aka haramta, amma ba don amfanin WCPP masu dacewa ba. Bayan gano cewa dichloromethane yana haifar da haɗari maras kyau, Sashe na 6 (a) na TSCA yanzu yana buƙatar EPA don ɗaukar ka'idodin kula da haɗari don sinadarai gwargwadon abin da ya dace don kada ya haifar da irin wannan hadarin.
A baya EPA ta haramta amfani da methylene chloride don cire fenti da sutura, 40 CFR § 751.105. A halin yanzu EPA tana ba da shawarar hana duk amfanin mabukaci da sashe na 751.105 bai rufe ba, gami da kera, sarrafawa, da rarraba kasuwanci na methylene chloride da samfuran da ke ɗauke da methylene chloride don waɗannan dalilai.
Bugu da ƙari, EPA tana ba da shawara don dakatar da duk masana'antu da kasuwanci na dichloromethane waɗanda ba su dace da bukatun WCPP ba, ciki har da masana'antu, sarrafawa, rarraba kasuwanci, da amfani a ƙarƙashin waɗannan yanayin amfani.
Ƙarshen wannan gargaɗin ya lissafa masana'antu, kasuwanci, da yanayin mabukaci 45 waɗanda aka ba da shawarar dakatar da su. An ɗauki wannan jeri daga Ƙimar Haɗari na 2020. Bugu da kari, EPA tana shirin ɗaukar ƙa'idar Sabuwar Amfani mai Muhimmanci (SNUR) wacce za ta shafi kowane dichloromethane ko samfuran da ke ɗauke da dichloromethane waɗanda ba a haɗa su cikin ƙimar haɗarin ba. Ajandar ka'ida da aka buga a cikin Janairu tana aiwatar da shirin SNUR zuwa Afrilu 2023 (EPA ta riga ta rasa wannan ranar) da SNUR ta ƙarshe ta Maris 2024.
EPA ta yi kiyasin cewa wannan haramcin zai kai kusan kashi ɗaya bisa uku na jimillar samar da methylene chloride ko shigo da kaya don TSCA da sauran amfani.
[T] dokar da aka ba da shawarar ba za ta shafi kowane abu da aka keɓe daga ma'anar "sinadaran" a ƙarƙashin Sashe na 3 (2) (B) (ii) (vi) na TSCA. Waɗannan keɓancewar sun haɗa da, amma ba'a iyakance ga… kowane abinci, ƙarin kayan abinci, magani, kayan kwalliya, ko na'ura, kamar yadda aka ayyana a Sashe na 201 na Dokar Abinci, Magunguna da Kayan kwalliya ta Tarayya, lokacin da aka kera, sarrafa, ko rarraba don dalilai na kasuwanci. . don amfani a abinci, abubuwan abinci, magunguna, kayan kwalliya ko kayan aiki…
Dangane da abin da ake amfani da manne a cikin kera batura da aka yi nufin amfani da lafiya, kamar yadda aka ayyana a cikin sashe na 201 (h) na Dokar Abinci, Magunguna da Kayan kwalliya ta Tarayya, waɗancan ƙayyadaddun amfani waɗanda suka cancanci “na'urori” idan “ƙira, sarrafa, ko rarraba don amfani da su azaman na'ura” za a cire su daga ma’anar “sinadaran” don haka ba za a ƙara yin amfani da su ba.
Yin amfani da dichloromethane a matsayin ruwa mai aiki a cikin rufaffiyar tsarin a cikin tsarin magunguna yana buƙatar amfani da shi azaman mai cirewa a cikin tsarkakewa na miyagun ƙwayoyi, kuma [EPA] ya yanke shawarar cewa wannan amfani ya faɗi ƙarƙashin keɓance ma'anar da ke sama, kuma ba "sunadarai" bisa ga TSCA ba.
Hana abubuwan ƙarfafawa waɗanda ke hana ajiyar methylene chloride da samfuran da ke ɗauke da methylene chloride. EPA na neman sharhi kan ko ana buƙatar ƙarin lokaci, misali, don tsaftace tashoshin rarraba don samfuran da aka haramta. Idan aka ba da buƙatar yin sharhi a yanzu, EPA na iya zama ƙasa da sha'awar yin la'akari da buƙatun tsawaita a kwanan wata.
Kamar yadda Sharuɗɗan Amfani 45 da aka Haramta suka nuna, ana amfani da methylene chloride a masana'antu da yawa, gami da sauran ƙarfi kuma azaman taimakon sarrafawa. A sakamakon haka, shawarar, idan aka kammala, zai shafi masana'antu da dama. Ƙimar Haɗarin 2020 yana ba da haske ga wasu wuraren aikace-aikacen:
Dichloromethane yana da fa'idar amfani da yawa, gami da masu ɗaukar hoto, samfuran mota, da masu cire fenti da sutura. Dichloromethane sananne ne a matsayin kaushi tsari a cikin fenti thinners da kuma a Pharmaceutical da kuma film shafi aikace-aikace. Ana amfani da shi azaman wakili mai busawa don polyurethane kuma a cikin kera na'urorin refrigerants na hydrofluorocarbon (HFC) kamar HFC-32. Hakanan ana samunsa a cikin abubuwan motsa iska da sauran kaushi da ake amfani da su wajen kera kayan lantarki, tsaftace ƙarfe da lalata, da kuma kammala kayan daki.
Hasashen hana yawancin amfani da methylene chloride yana haifar da tambayoyi masu mahimmanci game da hanyoyin da za a iya amfani da su. EPA tana la'akari da wannan batu lokacin da ake kimanta hanyoyin da aka bayyana a cikin gabatarwa kamar haka:
Don ƙayyade sharuɗɗan amfani don samfuran da ke ɗauke da methylene chloride a halin yanzu, EPA ta gano ɗaruruwan hanyoyin kasuwanci waɗanda ba methylene chloride ba kuma, gwargwadon iyawa, sun jera keɓantattun sinadarai ko abubuwan sinadarai a cikin Gwajin Madadin. .
EPA ta gano madadin samfuran 65 a cikin nau'in fenti da mai cirewa, wanda kammalawar kayan aiki yanki ne (Ref. 48). Kamar yadda aka gani a cikin nazarin tattalin arziki, yayin da ba duk waɗannan samfuran madadin ba na iya dacewa da takamaiman dalilai na wasu aikace-aikacen gyaran kayan daki, hanyoyin inji ko na thermal na iya zama madadin sinadarai don amfani da samfuran da ke ɗauke da methylene chloride don fenti da cire sutura. EPA ta yi imanin cewa akwai hanyoyin fasaha da tattalin arziki a kasuwa…
[A] Madadin zuwa methylene chloride ba a gano su azaman kayan aikin sarrafawa ba. EPA tana neman bayani kan yuwuwar hanyoyin da za a bi don sarrafa kayan aikin methylene chloride kamar yadda ya shafi zaɓin sarrafawa da aka tsara a ƙarƙashin wannan Yarjejeniyar.
Rashin gano hanyoyin da za a iya amfani da su a matsayin haɗin kai shine matsala mai yuwuwa. EPA ta bayyana sharuɗɗan amfani da:
Yin amfani da masana'antu ko kasuwanci na dichloromethane don inganta aikin tsari ko kayan aiki, ko lokacin da aka ƙara dichloromethane zuwa tsari ko zuwa wani abu ko cakuda da za a bi da shi don canza ko adana pH na abu ko cakuda. Wakilin magani baya zama wani ɓangare na samfurin amsawa kuma baya shafar aikin abun da aka samu ko labarin.
Ana amfani da Dichloromethane azaman "ƙarin tsari" kuma ana amfani dashi azaman matsakaicin canja wurin zafi a cikin rufaffiyar tsarin. Dokar da aka tsara za ta kuma hana wannan amfani da dichloromethane duk da ƙarancin yuwuwar bayyanarsa. Koyaya, gabatarwar ta ƙara:
EPA ta nemi sharhi kan gwargwadon yadda sauran ƙungiyoyi masu amfani da methylene chloride a matsayin taimakon sarrafawa za su bi abin da ake buƙata na WCPP na methylene chloride. Idan ƙungiyoyi da yawa za su iya nunawa ta hanyar haɗin bayanan kulawa da bayanin tsari cewa ci gaba da yin amfani da methylene chloride ba ya fallasa ma'aikata ga hadarin da bai dace ba, EPA ta tabbatar da shirye-shiryenta don kammala ƙa'ida a ƙarƙashin abin da yanayi [misali amfani da matsakaicin matsakaicin zafi] ko yanayin gaba ɗaya na amfani [a matsayin taimakon sarrafawa] na iya ci gaba daidai da WCPP ...
Don haka, kamfanonin da ke amfani da methylene chloride a cikin aikace-aikace tare da ƙananan tasiri mai tasiri, irin su ruwan zafi mai zafi, suna da zaɓi na tambayar EPA don canza tsarin da aka ba da shawarar akan irin wannan amfani don buƙatar aiwatar da WCPP - idan har za su iya nunawa ga EPA cewa za su iya biyan bukatun WCCP da aka tattauna a kasa. Hukumar Kare Muhalli ta kuma bayyana cewa:
Idan EPA ba ta iya gano wasu hanyoyin zuwa wannan yanayin amfani kuma ba ta samar da ƙarin bayani don baiwa EPA damar sanin cewa WCPP tana kawar da Haɗarin da bai dace ba.
Sashe na 6(d) yana buƙatar EPA don buƙatar yarda da wuri-wuri, amma bai wuce shekaru 5 ba bayan fitar da ƙa'idar ƙarshe. A wasu kalmomi, irin wannan amfani na iya cancanta don tsawaita lokacin yarda.
Don sharuɗɗa goma na amfani da aka jera a ƙasa, gami da samarwa da sarrafawa don samar da HFC-32, sake yin amfani da su da zubar da su, EPA ta ba da shawarar Gudanar da Bayyanar Wurin Aiki (watau WCPP) a matsayin madadin haramcin. Matakan sarrafawa sun haɗa da buƙatu don iyakokin fallasa, wuraren sarrafawa, saka idanu (ciki har da sabbin buƙatun sa ido daidai da kyakkyawan aikin dakin gwaje-gwaje), ayyukan yarda, kariya ta numfashi, kariyar fata, da ilimi. Waɗannan ƙa'idodin sun haɓaka ma'auni na OSHA methylene chloride 29 CFR § 1910.1052, amma sun dogara ne akan ma'aunin tare da canji ɗaya mai mahimmanci.
Ma'auni na OSHA (wanda aka samo asali a cikin 1997) suna da Ƙimar Bayyanar Halatta (PEL) na 25 ppm (matsakaicin nauyin awoyi 8 (TWA)) da Ƙaƙwalwar Ƙarshen Bayyanawa (STEL) na 125 ppm (minti 15 TWA) . A kwatankwacin, Ƙimar Exposure Chemical ta TSCA na yanzu (ECEL) shine 2 ppm (awa 8 TWA) kuma STEL shine 16 ppm (minti 15 TWA). Don haka ECEL shine kawai 8% na OSHA PEL kuma EPA STEL zai zama 12.8% na OSHA STEL. Ya kamata a yi amfani da matakan sarrafawa daidai da ECEL da STEL, tare da sarrafa fasaha shine fifiko na farko da kuma amfani da kayan kariya na sirri hanya ta ƙarshe.
Wannan yana nufin cewa mutanen da suka cika buƙatun OSHA ƙila ba za su cika shawarar ECEL da STEL ba. Shakka game da ikon saduwa da waɗannan iyakoki na fallasa wani abu ne da ya jagoranci EPA don hana yawancin masana'antu da kasuwanci na methylene chloride da samfurori da ke dauke da methylene chloride.
Baya ga yin amfani da masana'antu da sarrafawa da aka jera, tanade-tanaden WCPP kuma sun shafi zubarwa da sarrafa methylene chloride da samfuran da ke ɗauke da methylene chloride. Sakamakon haka, kamfanoni masu zubar da shara da masu sake yin fa'ida waɗanda ƙila ba su saba da buƙatun TSCA ba za su buƙaci wuce ƙa'idodin OSHA.
Idan aka yi la'akari da faɗin haramcin da aka tsara da kuma adadin masana'antun masu amfani da za a iya shafa, sharhi kan wannan ƙa'idar da aka tsara na iya zama mafi mahimmanci fiye da yadda aka saba. Za a gabatar da sharhi ga EPA ta Yuli 3, 2023. Preamble ya ba da shawarar ƙungiyoyi su gabatar da sharhi kan buƙatun takarda kai tsaye ga OMB nan da 2 ga Yuni, 2023.
Kafin yin tsokaci, kamfanoni da ƙungiyoyin kasuwanci (daga mahangar membobinsu) na iya yin la'akari da waɗannan abubuwan:
Masu sharhi na iya so su ba da cikakken bayani game da amfani da methylene chloride, aikin injiniyan su don iyakance bayyanar, shirin OSHA methylene chloride biyayya na yanzu, sakamakon kula da tsabtace masana'antu na methylene chloride (da kuma yadda yake kwatanta da ECEL vs. STEL kwatanta). ; matsalolin fasaha masu alaƙa da ganowa ko sauyawa zuwa madadin methylene chloride don amfani da su; kwanan wata da za su iya canzawa zuwa madadin (idan zai yiwu); da kuma mahimmancin amfani da su na methylene chloride.
Irin waɗannan maganganun na iya goyan bayan tsawaita lokacin yarda don amfani da shi, ko buƙatar EPA don keɓance wasu amfani na methylene chloride daga haramcin ƙarƙashin Sashe na 6(g) na TSCA. Sashi na 6(g)(1) yana cewa:
Idan mai gudanarwa ya gano cewa…
(A) ƙayyadaddun amfani da aka yi amfani da su suna da mahimmanci ko mahimmancin amfani waɗanda babu wata hanya mafi aminci ta fasaha da tattalin arziƙi, la'akari da haɗari da tasiri;
(B) yarda da buƙatun da suka shafi takamaiman sharuɗɗan amfani na iya kawo cikas ga tattalin arzikin ƙasa, tsaron ƙasa, ko muhimman ababen more rayuwa; ko
(C) Sharuɗɗan ƙayyadaddun amfani da sinadari ko cakuda suna ba da muhimmiyar fa'idar lafiya, muhalli ko lafiyar jama'a idan aka kwatanta da ingantattun hanyoyin da ake da su.
Haɗa yanayi, gami da madaidaicin rikodin rikodi, saka idanu da buƙatun bayar da rahoto, gwargwadon yadda mai gudanarwa ya ƙaddara cewa waɗannan sharuɗɗan suna da mahimmanci don kare lafiya da muhalli yayin da suka cimma manufar keɓancewa.
Gabatarwar ta bayyana cewa EPA za ta yi la'akari da yin watsi da Sashe na 6(g) idan babu wasu hanyoyin da suka dace kuma biyan bukatun WCPP ba abu ne mai yiwuwa ba:
A madadin, idan EPA ba ta iya ƙayyade wani madadin wannan yanayin amfani [a matsayin matsakaicin canja wurin zafi] kuma, bisa ga sababbin bayanai, EPA ta ƙayyade cewa haramcin amfani zai yi tasiri sosai ga tsaron ƙasa ko kayan aiki mai mahimmanci, Hukumar EPA za ta sake nazarin TSCA Sashe na 6 (g) keɓewa.
Masu sharhi na iya nuna idan za su iya biyan buƙatun WCPP, kuma idan ba haka ba, menene ƙayyadaddun buƙatun fallasa da za su iya cika.
Disclaimer: Saboda yanayin gabaɗayan wannan sabuntawa, bayanin da aka bayar anan bazai yi aiki a kowane yanayi ba, kuma bai kamata a yi aiki da shi ba tare da takamaiman shawarar doka dangane da yanayin ku na musamman.
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