Hukumar Kare Muhalli ta Amurka (EPA) ta gabatar da shawarar haramta kusan dukkan amfani da dichloromethane, wanda aka fi sani da dichloromethane, wani maganin narkewa da sarrafawa da ake amfani da shi akai-akai. Dokar hana amfani da sinadarai za ta yi tasiri sosai ga masana'antu da yawa, tare da tsakanin fam miliyan 100 zuwa 250 na sinadarai da aka samar ko aka shigo da su daga waje a shekarar 2019. Sauran amfani da suka rage, ciki har da amfani da shi azaman reagent don samar da HFC-32, za su fuskanci ƙuntatawa mafi tsauri fiye da ƙa'idodin OSHA na yanzu.
Hukumar EPA ta sanar da haramcin da aka gabatar da kuma takaitawa a cikin wata doka da aka gabatar a ranar 3 ga Mayu, 2023, 83 Fed. register. 28284. Wannan shawara za ta haramta duk wasu amfani da dichloromethane ga masu amfani. Duk wani amfani da dichloromethane na masana'antu da kasuwanci, gami da ruwan canja wurin zafi ko wani taimakon sarrafawa, da kuma yawancin amfani a matsayin mai narkewa, shi ma za a haramta shi, ban da takamaiman amfani guda goma, biyu daga cikinsu ƙwararru ne. Amfani da aka haramta da waɗanda aka cire an jera su a ƙarshen wannan gargaɗin. Manyan sabbin ƙa'idojin amfani a nan gaba na iya rufe amfani da ba a haɗa su cikin kowane jerin ba.
Amfani goma da haramcin bai rufe ba zai haifar da buƙatar aiwatar da Tsarin Kare Sinadaran Wurin Aiki (WCPP) bisa ga ma'aunin OSHA na methylene chloride, amma tare da iyakokin fallasa sinadarai da ke akwai waɗanda suka yi ƙasa da kashi 92% fiye da yadda OSHA ta yarda.
Masu sha'awar suna da har zuwa ranar 3 ga Yuli, 2023 don gabatar da tsokaci kan dokar da aka gabatar. EPA ta nemi a yi tsokaci kan batutuwa 44, ciki har da ko buƙatar WCPP ya kamata ta maye gurbin takamaiman haramcin amfani da kuma ko jadawalin hana amfani da sauri zai yiwu. EPA ta kuma nemi tsokaci kan ko duk wani amfani da aka haramta ya cancanci amfani mai mahimmanci ko mahimmanci, domin babu wasu madadin da suka fi aminci.
Wannan shawara ita ce ta biyu da EPA ta gabatar kan muhimman sinadarai guda goma da ke fuskantar kimanta haɗari a ƙarƙashin Sashe na 6 na Dokar Kula da Abubuwa Masu Guba (TSCA). Na farko, wannan shawara ce ta hana duk wasu amfani da chrysotile. Dokar ta uku ta shafi perchlorethylene, wanda Ofishin Gudanarwa da Kasafin Kuɗi (OMB) ke dubawa tun daga ranar 23 ga Fabrairu, 2023. Tun daga ranar 20 ga Maris, 2023, daftarin doka ta ƙarshe ga chrysotile (duba gargaɗinmu) yana ƙarƙashin sake duba OMB.
Binciken haɗari na watan Yunin 2020 ya gano haɗari marasa tushe a cikin dukkan yanayi shida banda inda aka yi amfani da methylene chloride. Yanzu haka dukkan shida sun bayyana a cikin jerin sharuɗɗan amfani da aka gabatar bisa ga buƙatun WCPP. Bayanin haɗari da aka sake fasalin Nuwamba 2022 ya nuna cewa dichloromethane yana haifar da haɗari mara ma'ana gabaɗaya, tare da sharaɗi ɗaya kawai na amfani (rarraba kasuwanci) wanda bai dace da ma'anar ba. Haramcin da aka gabatar zai haɗa da rarrabawa ta kasuwanci don dalilai da aka haramta, amma ba don amfani da WCPP ya dace ba. Bayan gano cewa dichloromethane yana haifar da haɗari mara ma'ana, Sashe na 6(a) na TSCA yanzu yana buƙatar EPA ta ɗauki ƙa'idodin kula da haɗari don sinadarin gwargwadon yadda ya cancanta don kada ya sake haifar da irin wannan haɗari.
A baya Hukumar EPA ta hana masu amfani da methylene chloride don cire fenti da fenti, 40 CFR § 751.105. Hukumar EPA a halin yanzu tana ba da shawarar haramta duk wani amfani da masu amfani da kayayyaki wanda sashe na 751.105 bai rufe ba, gami da kera, sarrafawa, da rarraba methylene chloride da kayayyakin da ke ɗauke da methylene chloride don waɗannan dalilai.
Bugu da ƙari, EPA tana ba da shawarar hana duk wani amfani da dichloromethane na masana'antu da kasuwanci wanda ba ya ƙarƙashin buƙatun WCPP, gami da kera, sarrafawa, rarrabawa na kasuwanci, da amfani a ƙarƙashin waɗannan sharuɗɗan amfani.
Ƙarshen wannan gargaɗin ya lissafa sharuɗɗa 45 na masana'antu, kasuwanci, da masu amfani da aka gabatar da su a haramta. An ɗauko wannan jerin ne daga Ƙimar Haɗari ta 2020. Bugu da ƙari, EPA na shirin ɗaukar Dokar Amfani Mai Muhimmanci (SNUR) wadda za ta shafi duk wani dichloromethane ko samfuran da ke ɗauke da dichloromethane waɗanda ba a haɗa su cikin kimanta haɗarin ba. Ajandar ƙa'ida da aka buga a watan Janairu ta nuna cewa SNUR da aka gabatar kafin Afrilu 2023 (EPA ta riga ta rasa wannan ranar) da kuma SNUR na ƙarshe kafin Maris 2024.
Hukumar EPA ta kiyasta cewa wannan haramcin zai kai kimanin kashi ɗaya bisa uku na jimillar yawan sinadarin methylene chloride da ake samarwa a kowace shekara ko kuma shigo da shi daga ƙasashen waje don amfani da TSCA da sauran amfani.
Dokar da aka gabatar ba za ta shafi duk wani abu da aka cire daga ma'anar "sinadarai" a ƙarƙashin Sashe na 3(2)(B)(ii)-(vi) na TSCA ba. Waɗannan keɓancewa sun haɗa da, amma ba'a iyakance ga... duk wani abinci, ƙarin abinci, magani, kayan kwalliya, ko na'ura ba, kamar yadda aka bayyana a Sashe na 201 na Dokar Abinci, Magunguna, da Kayan Kwalliya ta Tarayya, lokacin da aka ƙera, aka sarrafa, ko aka rarraba don dalilai na kasuwanci. . don amfani a cikin abinci, ƙarin abinci, magunguna, kayan kwalliya ko kayan aiki…
Dangane da manne a cikin ƙera batura da aka yi niyya don amfani da su a fannin likitanci, kamar yadda aka bayyana a sashe na 201(h) na Dokar Abinci, Magunguna, da Kayan Kwalliya ta Tarayya, waɗannan takamaiman amfani waɗanda suka cancanci a matsayin "na'urori" idan "an ƙera, an sarrafa, ko aka rarraba don amfani a matsayin na'ura" za a cire su daga ma'anar "sinadarai" don haka ba za su kasance ƙarƙashin ƙa'idar ba idan an ƙara haɓaka ta.
Amfani da dichloromethane a matsayin ruwa mai aiki a cikin tsarin rufewa a cikin tsarin magunguna yana buƙatar amfani da shi azaman mai narkewar cirewa a cikin tsarkakewar magunguna, kuma [EPA] ya kammala da cewa wannan amfani yana ƙarƙashin keɓantattun ma'anoni da ke sama, ba "sinadarai" ba bisa ga TSCA.
Haramcin abubuwan ƙarfafa gwiwa da ke takaita ajiyar methylene chloride da kayayyakin da ke ɗauke da methylene chloride. Hukumar EPA ta nemi a yi tsokaci kan ko ana buƙatar ƙarin lokaci, misali, don tsaftace hanyoyin rarrabawa don kayayyakin da aka haramta. Ganin buƙatar yin tsokaci yanzu, hukumar EPA ba za ta iya la'akari da buƙatun tsawaitawa a wani lokaci ba.
Kamar yadda aka nuna a cikin Sharuɗɗan Amfani 45 da aka Haramta, ana amfani da methylene chloride a masana'antu da yawa, ciki har da a matsayin mai narkewa da kuma a matsayin taimakon sarrafawa. Sakamakon haka, shawarar, idan an kammala ta, za ta shafi masana'antu da dama. Kimanta Hadarin 2020 ya nuna wasu fannoni na amfani:
Dichloromethane yana da amfani iri-iri, ciki har da man shafawa, kayayyakin mota, da kuma masu cire fenti da shafi. Dichloromethane sananne ne a matsayin mai narkewar tsari a cikin na'urorin rage fenti da kuma aikace-aikacen shafawa na magunguna da fim. Ana amfani da shi azaman mai hura iska don polyurethane da kuma ƙera na'urorin sanyaya ruwa na hydrofluorocarbon (HFC) kamar HFC-32. Hakanan ana samunsa a cikin na'urorin samar da iska da sinadarai masu narkewa da ake amfani da su a masana'antar lantarki, tsaftace ƙarfe da rage mai, da kuma kammala kayan daki.
Yunkurin hana yawancin amfani da methylene chloride ya haifar da tambayoyi masu mahimmanci game da hanyoyin da za a iya amfani da su. EPA ta yi la'akari da wannan batu lokacin da take kimanta hanyoyin da za a iya amfani da su, waɗanda aka bayyana a cikin gabatarwa kamar haka:
Domin tantance sharuɗɗan amfani da samfuran da ke ɗauke da methylene chloride a halin yanzu, EPA ta gano ɗaruruwan madadin da ba methylene chloride ba da ake samu a kasuwa, kuma gwargwadon iyawarta, ta lissafa abubuwan da ke cikin sinadarai ko sinadaran da ke cikin Ƙimar Madadin.
Hukumar EPA ta gano wasu samfura guda 65 a cikin rukunin masu cire fenti da fenti, wanda daga cikinsu akwai ƙaramin rukuni (duba 48). Kamar yadda aka lura a cikin nazarin tattalin arziki, kodayake ba duk waɗannan samfuran madadin ba ne za su iya dacewa da takamaiman dalilai na wasu aikace-aikacen gyaran kayan daki, hanyoyin injiniya ko na zafi na iya zama madadin da ba na sinadarai ba fiye da amfani da samfuran da ke ɗauke da methylene chloride don cire fenti da fenti. … … Hukumar EPA ta yi imanin cewa akwai wasu madadin fasaha da tattalin arziki a kasuwa…
[A] Ba a gano madadin methylene chloride a matsayin kayan aikin sarrafawa ba. Hukumar EPA tana neman bayanai kan yiwuwar madadin kayan aikin sarrafa methylene chloride dangane da shawarwarin zaɓuɓɓukan sarrafawa a ƙarƙashin wannan Yarjejeniyar.
Rashin wasu hanyoyin da aka gano waɗanda za a iya amfani da su azaman ƙarin magani matsala ce mai yuwuwa. EPA ta bayyana sharuɗɗan amfani kamar haka:
Amfani da dichloromethane a masana'antu ko kasuwanci don inganta aikin wani tsari ko kayan aikin sarrafawa, ko lokacin da aka ƙara dichloromethane a cikin wani tsari ko a cikin wani abu ko cakuda don a yi masa magani don canza ko adana pH na abu ko cakuda. Maganin da ke magancewa baya zama wani ɓangare na samfurin amsawar kuma baya shafar aikin abu ko kayan da aka samar.
Ana amfani da Dichloromethane a matsayin "ƙarin tsari" kuma ana amfani da shi azaman hanyar canja wurin zafi a cikin tsarin rufewa. Dokar da aka gabatar za ta kuma haramta wannan amfani da dichloromethane duk da ƙarancin yuwuwar fallasa shi. Duk da haka, gabatarwar ta ƙara da cewa:
Hukumar EPA ta nemi a yi tsokaci kan yadda sauran ƙungiyoyi da ke amfani da methylene chloride a matsayin taimakon sarrafawa za su bi ƙa'idar WCPP da aka gabatar don methylene chloride. Idan ƙungiyoyi da dama za su iya nuna ta hanyar haɗa bayanai masu sa ido da bayanin sarrafawa cewa ci gaba da amfani da methylene chloride ba ya fallasa ma'aikata ga haɗari mara kyau, EPA ta tabbatar da niyyarta ta kammala ƙa'ida wacce sharuɗɗan [misali amfani da shi azaman hanyar canja wurin zafi] ko sharuɗɗan amfani gabaɗaya [a matsayin taimakon sarrafawa] za su iya ci gaba bisa ga WCPP…
Saboda haka, kamfanonin da ke amfani da methylene chloride a aikace-aikace masu ƙarancin tasiri, kamar ruwan canja wurin zafi, suna da zaɓin roƙon EPA da ta canza shawarar hana amfani da irin wannan don buƙatar aiwatar da WCPP - muddin za su iya nuna wa EPA cewa za su iya bin ƙa'idodin WCCP da aka tattauna a ƙasa. Hukumar Kare Muhalli ta kuma bayyana:
Idan EPA ba ta iya gano wasu hanyoyin da za a bi don wannan yanayin amfani ba kuma ba ta bayar da ƙarin bayani don ba wa EPA damar tantance cewa WCPP ta kawar da haɗarin da bai dace ba.
Sashe na 6(d) ya buƙaci EPA ta buƙaci bin ƙa'ida da wuri-wuri, amma ba bayan shekaru 5 ba bayan fitar da dokar ƙarshe. A wata ma'anar, irin wannan amfani na iya cancantar tsawaita lokacin bin ƙa'ida.
Ga sharuɗɗa goma na amfani da aka lissafa a ƙasa, ciki har da samarwa da sarrafawa don samar da HFC-32, sake amfani da shi da zubar da shi, EPA ta gabatar da Tsarin Kula da Bayyanar Wurin Aiki (watau WCPP) a matsayin madadin haramcin. Matakan kulawa sun haɗa da buƙatun iyakokin fallasa, wuraren da aka sarrafa, sa ido kan fallasa (gami da sabbin buƙatun sa ido daidai da kyakkyawan aikin dakin gwaje-gwaje), ayyukan bin ƙa'idodi, kariyar numfashi, kariyar fata, da ilimi. Waɗannan ƙa'idodi sun dace da ma'aunin OSHA methylene chloride 29 CFR § 1910.1052, amma galibi sun dogara ne akan wannan ma'aunin tare da canji mai mahimmanci.
Ka'idojin OSHA (wanda aka fara amfani da su a shekarar 1997) suna da Iyakar Bayyanar da Za a Iya Halatta (PEL) na 25 ppm (matsakaicin awoyi 8 na lokaci (TWA)) da Iyakar Bayyanar Gajeren Lokaci (STEL) na 125 ppm (TWA na minti 15). Idan aka kwatanta, Iyakar Bayyanar Sinadaran TSCA (ECEL) na yanzu shine 2 ppm (TWA na awa 8) kuma STEL shine 16 ppm (TWA na minti 15). Don haka ECEL shine 8% kawai na OSHA PEL kuma EPA STEL zai zama 12.8% na OSHA STEL. Ya kamata a yi amfani da matakan sarrafawa daidai da ECEL da STEL, tare da kula da fasaha shine fifiko na farko kuma amfani da kayan kariya na mutum shine mafita ta ƙarshe.
Wannan yana nufin cewa mutanen da suka cika buƙatun OSHA ba za su iya cika shawarar ECEL da STEL ba. Shakku game da ikon cika waɗannan iyakokin fallasa wani abu ne da ya sa EPA ta haramta yawancin amfani da methylene chloride da kayayyakin da ke ɗauke da methylene chloride a masana'antu da kasuwanci.
Baya ga amfani da masana'antu da sarrafawa da aka lissafa, tanade-tanaden WCPP sun shafi zubar da sarrafa methylene chloride da kayayyakin da ke ɗauke da methylene chloride. Sakamakon haka, kamfanonin zubar da shara da masu sake amfani da su waɗanda ƙila ba su san buƙatun TSCA ba za su buƙaci su wuce ƙa'idodin OSHA.
Ganin girman dokar da aka gabatar da kuma adadin masana'antun masu amfani da za su iya shafar, sharhi kan wannan doka da aka gabatar na iya zama mafi mahimmanci fiye da yadda aka saba. Za a gabatar da sharhi ga EPA kafin 3 ga Yuli, 2023. Gabatarwar ta ba da shawarar cewa ƙungiyoyi su gabatar da sharhi kan buƙatun takardu kai tsaye ga OMB kafin 2 ga Yuni, 2023.
Kafin yin tsokaci, kamfanoni da ƙungiyoyin ƙwadago (daga mahangar membobinsu) za su iya yin la'akari da waɗannan:
Masu sharhi na iya son yin cikakken bayani game da amfani da methylene chloride, tsarin injiniyan su don iyakance fallasa, shirin bin ƙa'idodin OSHA methylene chloride na yanzu, sakamakon sa ido kan tsaftar masana'antu na methylene chloride (da kuma yadda yake kwatantawa da kwatancen ECEL da STEL).; matsalolin fasaha da ke da alaƙa da gano ko canzawa zuwa madadin methylene chloride don amfani da su; ranar da za su iya canzawa zuwa madadin (idan zai yiwu); da kuma mahimmancin amfani da su na methylene chloride.
Irin waɗannan maganganun na iya tallafawa tsawaita lokacin bin ƙa'ida don amfani da shi, ko kuma buƙatar EPA don keɓe wasu amfani da methylene chloride daga haramcin da aka sanya a ƙarƙashin Sashe na 6(g) na TSCA. Sashe na 6(g)(1) ya ce:
Idan mai gudanarwa ya gano cewa…
(A) amfani da aka ƙayyade su ne muhimman amfani ko mahimmanci waɗanda babu wasu hanyoyin aminci da za a iya amfani da su a fannin fasaha da tattalin arziki, idan aka yi la'akari da haɗari da tasirinsu;
(B) bin ƙa'idar da ta shafi takamaiman sharuɗɗan amfani zai iya kawo cikas ga tattalin arzikin ƙasa, tsaron ƙasa, ko muhimman ababen more rayuwa; ko
(C) Sharuɗɗan da aka ƙayyade na amfani da sinadarai ko cakuda suna ba da fa'ida mai mahimmanci ga lafiya, muhalli ko amincin jama'a idan aka kwatanta da hanyoyin da ake da su masu ma'ana.
Haɗa sharuɗɗa, gami da kiyaye bayanai masu dacewa, sa ido da kuma bayar da rahoto, gwargwadon yadda Mai Gudanarwa ya ƙayyade cewa waɗannan sharuɗɗan sun zama dole don kare lafiya da muhalli yayin da ake cika manufar keɓewar.
Gabatarwar ta bayyana cewa EPA za ta yi la'akari da yin watsi da Sashe na 6(g) idan babu wasu hanyoyin da za su iya yiwuwa kuma biyan buƙatun WCPP ba zai yiwu ba:
A madadin haka, idan EPA ba ta iya tantance madadin wannan yanayin amfani ba [a matsayin hanyar canja wurin zafi] kuma, bisa ga sabbin bayanai, EPA ta yanke shawarar cewa haramcin amfani da shi zai yi tasiri sosai ga tsaron ƙasa ko muhimman kayayyakin more rayuwa, Hukumar EPA za ta sake duba keɓewar Sashe na 6(g) na TSCA.
Masu sharhi za su iya nuna ko za su iya cika buƙatun WCPP, idan kuma ba haka ba, waɗanne ƙa'idodi ne za su iya cikawa game da fallasa.
Bayanin Gargaɗi: Saboda yanayin wannan sabuntawa gabaɗaya, bayanin da aka bayar a nan bazai yi aiki a kowane yanayi ba, kuma bai kamata a yi aiki da shi ba tare da takamaiman shawarar lauya ba dangane da takamaiman yanayin ku.
© Beveridge & Diamond PC var today = new Date(); var yyyy = today.getFullYear();document.write(yyyy + ” “); |律师广告
Haƙƙin mallaka © var today = new Date(); var yyyy = today.getFullYear();document.write(yyyy + ” “); JD Ditto LLC