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Gurɓatar Cadmium (Cd) na iya zama barazana ga amincin noman shukar magani ta Panax notoginseng a Yunnan. A ƙarƙashin matsin lamba na Cd na waje, an gudanar da gwaje-gwajen fili don fahimtar tasirin shafawar lemun tsami (0, 750, 2250 da 3750 kg/h/m2) da fesawar foliar da oxalic acid (0, 0.1 da 0.2 mol/L) akan tarin Cd da antioxidant. Abubuwan da ke cikin Panax notoginseng na tsari da magani. Sakamakon ya nuna cewa a ƙarƙashin matsin lamba na Cd, fesa lemun tsami da foliar da oxalic acid na iya ƙara yawan Ca2+ na Panax notoginseng da rage gubar Cd2+. Ƙara lemun tsami da oxalic acid ya ƙara ayyukan enzymes na antioxidant kuma ya canza metabolism na masu kula da osmotic. Mafi mahimmanci shine ƙaruwar ayyukan CAT da sau 2.77. A ƙarƙashin tasirin oxalic acid, aikin SOD ya ƙaru zuwa sau 1.78. Yawan sinadarin MDA ya ragu da kashi 58.38%. Akwai muhimmiyar alaƙa da sukari mai narkewa, amino acid marasa lahani, proline da furotin mai narkewa. Lemun tsami da oxalic acid na iya ƙara yawan sinadarin calcium ion (Ca2+) na Panax notoginseng, rage yawan sinadarin Cd, inganta juriyar damuwa na Panax notoginseng, da kuma ƙara yawan samar da saponins da flavonoids gaba ɗaya. Yawan sinadarin Cd ya fi ƙanƙanta, ƙasa da kashi 68.57% fiye da yadda aka tsara, kuma ya yi daidai da ƙimar da aka tsara (Cd≤0.5 mg kg-1, GB/T 19086-2008). Kason SPN ya kai kashi 7.73%, inda ya kai matsayi mafi girma a tsakanin dukkan magunguna, kuma yawan sinadarin flavonoid ya ƙaru sosai da kashi 21.74%, wanda ya kai ƙimar lafiya ta yau da kullun da kuma yawan amfanin ƙasa mafi kyau.
Cadmium (Cd) gurɓataccen ƙasa ne da ake nomawa, yana ƙaura cikin sauƙi kuma yana da guba mai yawa ga halittu. El-Shafei et al2 sun ruwaito cewa gubar cadmium tana shafar inganci da yawan amfanin shuke-shuken da ake amfani da su. Yawan cadmium a cikin ƙasa da aka noma a kudu maso yammacin China ya yi muni a cikin 'yan shekarun nan. Lardin Yunnan shine masarautar bambancin halittu ta China, inda nau'ikan shuke-shuken magani ke kan gaba a ƙasar. Duk da haka, Lardin Yunnan yana da wadataccen albarkatun ma'adinai, kuma aikin haƙar ma'adinai ba makawa yana haifar da gurɓataccen ƙarfe mai nauyi a cikin ƙasa, wanda ke shafar samar da shuke-shuken magani na gida.
Panax notoginseng (Burkill) Chen3) wata shuka ce mai matuƙar amfani wacce take da ganyen ganye na tsawon lokaci, wacce take cikin dangin Panax na dangin Araliaceae. Panax notoginseng yana inganta zagayawar jini, yana kawar da tsayawar jini da kuma rage radadi. Babban yankin da ake samarwa shine Wenshan Prefecture, lardin Yunnan5. Fiye da kashi 75% na ƙasar da ke yankunan da ake noman ginseng na Panax notoginseng an gurbata ta da cadmium, inda matakan suka bambanta daga kashi 81% zuwa sama da kashi 100% a wurare daban-daban6. Tasirin guba na Cd kuma yana rage yawan samar da sinadaran magani na Panax notoginseng sosai, musamman saponins da flavonoids. Saponins wani nau'in glycosidic ne wanda aglycones ɗinsa triterpenoids ne ko spirostanes. Su ne manyan sinadaran aiki na magungunan gargajiya na kasar Sin kuma suna ɗauke da saponins. Wasu saponins kuma suna da ayyukan kashe ƙwayoyin cuta ko ayyukan halittu masu mahimmanci kamar su rage radadi, rage radadi da kuma rage radadi7. Flavonoids gabaɗaya suna nufin jerin mahaɗan da aka haɗa zoben benzene guda biyu tare da ƙungiyoyin phenolic hydroxyl ta hanyar ƙwayoyin carbon guda uku na tsakiya. Babban tsakiya shine 2-phenylchromanone 8. Yana da ƙarfi mai hana iskar oxygen wanda zai iya lalata radicals marasa iskar oxygen a cikin tsire-tsire yadda ya kamata. Hakanan yana iya hana shigar enzymes na halitta masu kumburi, haɓaka warkar da rauni da rage radadi, da rage matakan cholesterol. Yana ɗaya daga cikin manyan sinadaran aiki na Panax notoginseng. Akwai buƙatar gaggawa don magance matsalar gurɓatar cadmium a cikin ƙasa a yankunan samar da ginseng na Panax da kuma tabbatar da samar da mahimman sinadaran magani.
Lemun tsami yana ɗaya daga cikin sinadarai masu amfani da ake amfani da su sosai don tsarkake ƙasa daga gurɓatar cadmium10. Yana shafar sha da kuma adana Cd a cikin ƙasa ta hanyar rage samuwar Cd a cikin ƙasa ta hanyar ƙara ƙimar pH da canza ƙarfin musayar cation na ƙasa (CEC), cikar gishirin ƙasa (BS) da yuwuwar redox na ƙasa (Eh)3, 11. Bugu da ƙari, , lemun tsami yana ba da adadi mai yawa na Ca2+, yana haifar da adawa da ionic tare da Cd2+, yana fafatawa don wuraren shaye-shaye a cikin tushe, yana hana jigilar Cd zuwa cikin ƙasa, kuma yana da ƙarancin guba na halitta. Lokacin da aka ƙara 50 mmol L-1 Ca a ƙarƙashin matsin lamba na Cd, an hana jigilar Cd a cikin ganyen sesame kuma an rage tarin Cd da 80%. An ruwaito wasu bincike makamancin haka a cikin shinkafa (Oryza sativa L.) da sauran amfanin gona12,13.
Feshin foliar na amfanin gona don sarrafa tarin ƙarfe mai nauyi wata sabuwar hanya ce ta sarrafa ƙarfe mai nauyi a cikin 'yan shekarun nan. Manufarta galibi tana da alaƙa da amsawar chelation a cikin ƙwayoyin shuka, wanda ke haifar da ajiyar ƙarfe mai nauyi a bangon tantanin halitta kuma yana hana ɗaukar ƙarfe mai nauyi ta hanyar tsire-tsire14,15. A matsayin wakili mai ƙarfi na diacid chelating, oxalic acid na iya cire ions na ƙarfe mai nauyi kai tsaye a cikin tsire-tsire, ta haka rage guba. Bincike ya nuna cewa oxalic acid a cikin waken soya na iya cire Cd2+ da kuma fitar da lu'ulu'u masu ɗauke da Cd ta cikin ƙwayoyin trichome na sama, yana rage matakan Cd2+ a cikin jiki16. Oxalic acid na iya daidaita pH na ƙasa, haɓaka aikin superoxide dismutase (SOD), peroxidase (POD) da catalase (CAT), da kuma daidaita shigar sukari mai narkewa, furotin mai narkewa, amino acid kyauta da proline. Masu kula da metabolism17,18. Acid da wuce gona da iri na Ca2+ a cikin shuka suna samar da sinadarin calcium oxalate a ƙarƙashin aikin sunadaran nucleating. Daidaita yawan Ca2+ a cikin tsire-tsire zai iya cimma daidaiton oxalic acid da Ca2+ da aka narkar a cikin tsire-tsire yadda ya kamata, sannan kuma a guji yawan taruwar oxalic acid da Ca2+19,20.
Adadin lemun tsami da aka yi amfani da shi yana ɗaya daga cikin muhimman abubuwan da ke tasiri ga tasirin gyara. An gano cewa yawan lemun tsami ya kama daga 750 zuwa 6000 kg/m2. Ga ƙasa mai acidic tare da pH na 5.0 ~ 5.5, tasirin shafa lemun tsami a kashi 3000 ~ 6000 kg/h/m2 ya fi girma fiye da a kashi 750 kg/h/m221. Duk da haka, shafa lemun tsami fiye da kima zai haifar da wasu mummunan tasiri ga ƙasa, kamar manyan canje-canje a pH na ƙasa da kuma matse ƙasa22. Saboda haka, mun ayyana matakan maganin CaO a matsayin 0, 750, 2250 da 3750 kg hm-2. Lokacin da aka shafa oxalic acid ga Arabidopsis thaliana, an gano cewa Ca2+ ya ragu sosai a yawan 10 mmol L-1, kuma dangin kwayar halittar CRT, wanda ke shafar siginar Ca2+, sun mayar da martani sosai20. Tarin wasu binciken da aka yi a baya ya ba mu damar tantance yawan wannan gwajin da kuma ƙarin nazarin tasirin hulɗar ƙarin kayan abinci na waje akan Ca2+ da Cd2+23,24,25. Saboda haka, wannan binciken yana da nufin bincika tsarin da ake amfani da shi wajen fesa ganyen lemun tsami da oxalic acid akan abubuwan da ke cikin Cd da kuma jure wa damuwa na Panax notoginseng a cikin ƙasa da aka gurbata da Cd da kuma ƙarin bincika hanyoyin da za a tabbatar da inganci da inganci na magani. Samar da Panax notoginseng. Yana ba da jagora mai mahimmanci kan ƙara girman noman tsire-tsire masu ganye a cikin ƙasa da aka gurbata da cadmium da kuma cimma ingantaccen samarwa mai ɗorewa da kasuwar magunguna ke buƙata.
An yi amfani da nau'in ginseng na gida Wenshan Panax notoginseng a matsayin kayan aiki, an gudanar da gwajin fili a Lannizhai, Gundumar Qiubei, Gundumar Wenshan, Lardin Yunnan (24°11′N, 104°3′E, tsayi 1446 m). Matsakaicin zafin jiki na shekara-shekara shine 17°C kuma matsakaicin ruwan sama na shekara-shekara shine 1250 mm. Matsayin asalin ƙasa da aka yi nazari a kai shine TN 0.57 g kg-1, TP 1.64 g kg-1, TC 16.31 g kg-1, OM 31.86 g kg-1, alkaline hydrolyzed N 88.82 mg kg-1, babu phosphorus. 18.55 mg kg-1, free potassium 100.37 mg kg-1, jimlar cadmium 0.3 mg kg-1, pH 5.4.
A ranar 10 ga Disamba, 2017, an haɗa 6 mg/kg Cd2+ (CdCl2·2.5H2O) da kuma maganin lemun tsami (0, 750, 2250 da 3750 kg/h/m2) sannan a shafa a saman ƙasa a cikin wani Layer na 0 ~ 10 cm na kowane fili. An maimaita kowace magani sau 3. Ana gano filayen gwaji bazuwar, kowanne fili ya rufe yanki na 3 m2. An dasa shukar Panax notoginseng mai shekara ɗaya bayan kwana 15 na noma. Lokacin amfani da ragar inuwar rana, ƙarfin hasken Panax notoginseng a cikin ragar inuwar rana shine kusan 18% na ƙarfin hasken halitta na yau da kullun. Ana yin noma bisa ga hanyoyin noma na gargajiya na gida. Kafin lokacin nuna Panax notoginseng a 2019, a fesa oxalic acid a cikin nau'in sodium oxalate. Yawan sinadarin Oxalic acid ya kasance 0, 0.1 da 0.2 mol L-1, bi da bi, kuma an yi amfani da NaOH don daidaita pH zuwa 5.16 don kwaikwayon matsakaicin pH na ruwan da ke fitowa daga ƙasa. Fesa saman ganyen sama da ƙasa sau ɗaya a mako da ƙarfe 8:00 na safe. Bayan fesawa sau 4 a mako na 5, an girbe shuke-shuken Panax notoginseng masu shekaru 3.
A watan Nuwamba na 2019, an tattara shuke-shuken Panax notoginseng masu shekaru uku daga gona sannan aka fesa musu oxalic acid. An sanya wasu samfuran shuke-shuken Panax notoginseng masu shekaru uku waɗanda ke buƙatar a auna su don metabolism na jiki da kuma aikin enzyme a cikin bututu don daskarewa, an daskare su da sauri da ruwa nitrogen sannan aka mayar da su cikin firiji a -80°C. Wasu samfuran tushen da za a auna don Cd da abubuwan da ke cikin sinadaran aiki a matakin girma an wanke su da ruwan famfo, an busar da su a 105°C na minti 30, a kan nauyin da ba ya canzawa a 75°C, sannan aka niƙa a cikin turmi don ajiya.
A auna 0.2 g na busasshen samfurin shuka, a saka shi a cikin kwalbar Erlenmeyer, a ƙara 8 ml HNO3 da 2 ml HClO4 sannan a rufe cikin dare. Washegari, a yi amfani da mazurari mai lanƙwasa da aka sanya a cikin kwalbar Erlenmeyer don narkewar wutar lantarki har sai farin hayaki ya bayyana kuma ruwan narkewar abinci ya bayyana. Bayan sanyaya zuwa zafin ɗaki, an mayar da cakuda zuwa kwalbar volumetric mai 10 ml. An tantance yawan Cd ta amfani da na'urar auna zafin jiki ta atomic (Thermo ICE™ 3300 AAS, Amurka). (GB/T 23739-2009).
A auna 0.2 g na busasshen samfurin shuka, a saka shi a cikin kwalbar filastik mai 50 ml, a ƙara mol L-1 HCL 1 a cikin 10 ml, a rufe sannan a girgiza sosai na tsawon awanni 15 sannan a tace. A yi amfani da pipette, a tace adadin da ake buƙata na tacewa, a narkar da shi daidai gwargwado sannan a ƙara maganin SrCl2 don kawo yawan Sr2+ zuwa 1g L-1. An auna yawan Ca ta amfani da na'urar auna zafin jiki ta atomic (Thermo ICE™ 3300 AAS, Amurka).
Malondialdehyde (MDA), superoxide dismutase (SOD), peroxidase (POD) da catalase (CAT) hanyar amfani da kayan aiki (DNM-9602, Beijing Prong New Technology Co., Ltd., rajistar samfura), yi amfani da kayan aiki masu dacewa. Lamba: Beijing Pharmacopoeia (daidai) 2013 Lamba 2400147).
A auna kimanin gram 0.05 na samfurin Panax notoginseng sannan a ƙara sinadarin anthrone-sulfuric acid a gefen bututun. A girgiza bututun na tsawon daƙiƙa 2-3 don haɗa ruwan sosai. A sanya bututun a kan maƙallin bututu don ya yi launi na tsawon mintuna 15. An ƙayyade yawan sukari mai narkewa ta hanyar amfani da hasken ultraviolet-visible spectrophotometry (UV-5800, Shanghai Yuanxi Instrument Co., Ltd., China) a tsawon tsayin 620 nm.
A auna 0.5 g na sabon samfurin Panax notoginseng, a niƙa shi zuwa homogenate da ruwan da aka tace 5 ml, sannan a yi amfani da centrifuge a 10,000 g na minti 10. An narkar da ruwan da ke cikinsa zuwa wani ƙaramin adadin da aka ƙayyade. An yi amfani da hanyar Coomassie Brilliant Blue. An auna yawan furotin mai narkewa ta amfani da hasken ultraviolet-visible spectrophotometry (UV-5800, Shanghai Yuanxi Instrument Co., Ltd., China) a tsawon tsayin 595 nm kuma an ƙididdige shi bisa ga daidaitaccen lanƙwasa na albumin na jini na shanu.
A auna 0.5 g na sabon samfurin, a ƙara 5 ml na 10% acetic acid, a niƙa har sai ya yi kama da homogenate, a tace sannan a narkar da shi zuwa girman da ya dace. An yi amfani da hanyar haɓaka launi tare da maganin ninhydrin. An ƙayyade yawan amino acid kyauta ta hanyar amfani da UV-visible spectrophotometry (UV-5800, Shanghai Yuanxi Instrument Co., Ltd., China) a 570 nm kuma an ƙididdige shi bisa ga daidaitaccen lanƙwasa na leucine28.
A auna gram 0.5 na sabon samfurin, a ƙara 5 ml na maganin sulfosalicylic acid na 3%, a dafa a cikin ruwan wanka a girgiza na minti 10. Bayan sanyaya, an tace maganin kuma an kawo shi zuwa girman da ba ya canzawa. An yi amfani da hanyar launi tare da acid ninhydrin. An ƙayyade yawan Proline ta hanyar amfani da ultraviolet-visible spectrophotometry (UV-5800, Shanghai Yuanxi Instrument Co., Ltd., China) a tsawon tsayin 520 nm kuma an ƙididdige shi bisa ga daidaitaccen lanƙwasa na proline29.
An tantance yawan sinadarin Saponin ta hanyar amfani da sinadarin chromatography na ruwa mai inganci tare da la'akari da Pharmacopoeia na Jamhuriyar Jama'ar Sin (bugun 2015). Babban ka'idar sinadarin chromatography na ruwa mai inganci ita ce amfani da ruwa mai matsin lamba a matsayin matakin motsi da kuma amfani da fasahar rabuwar barbashi mai inganci ta chromatography na ginshiƙi mai inganci a matakin tsayawa. Hanyar aiki ita ce kamar haka:
Yanayin HPLC da Gwajin Dacewa da Tsarin (Tebur 1): Yi amfani da gel ɗin silica mai ɗaure octadecylsilane a matsayin mai cikawa, acetonitrile a matsayin matakin motsi na A da ruwa a matsayin matakin motsi na B. Yi aikin cirewar gradient kamar yadda aka nuna a teburin da ke ƙasa. Tsawon tsayin ganowa shine 203 nm. Dangane da kololuwar R1 na jimlar saponins na Panax notoginseng, adadin faranti na ka'ida ya kamata ya zama aƙalla 4000.
Shirya maganin da aka saba: A auna ginsenoside Rg1, ginsenoside Rb1 da notoginsenoside R1 daidai sannan a ƙara methanol don shirya cakuda da ke ɗauke da 0.4 mg ginsenoside Rg1, 0.4 mg ginsenoside Rb1 da 0.1 mg notoginsenoside R1 a kowace ml 1 na maganin.
Shirya maganin gwaji: A auna 0.6 g na garin ginseng na Panax sannan a zuba 50 ml na methanol. An auna maganin da aka haɗa (W1) sannan a bar shi ya kwana ɗaya. Sai a tafasa ruwan da aka haɗa a hankali a cikin ruwan wanka a zafin digiri 80 na Celsius na tsawon awanni 2. Bayan ya huce, a auna ruwan da aka haɗa sannan a zuba methanol da aka shirya a cikin babban taro na W1. Sai a girgiza sosai sannan a tace. An bar tacewa don yin bincike.
A tattara 10 μL na maganin da aka saba da kuma 10 μL na tacewa daidai sannan a saka su a cikin wani ruwa mai aiki sosai (Thermo HPLC-ultimate 3000, Seymour Fisher Technology Co., Ltd.) don tantance abun cikin saponin 24.
Lanƙwasa na yau da kullun: aunawa na maganin Rg1, Rb1 da R1 mai gauraya. Yanayin Chromatography iri ɗaya ne da na sama. Lissafa lanƙwasa na yau da kullun ta hanyar zana yankin kololuwar da aka auna akan axis y da kuma yawan saponin a cikin maganin yau da kullun akan axis x. Ana iya ƙididdige yawan saponin ta hanyar maye gurbin yankin kololuwar da aka auna na samfurin zuwa lanƙwasa na yau da kullun.
A auna 0.1 g na samfurin P. notogensings sannan a ƙara 50 ml na 70% na maganin CH3OH. An yi aikin cire ultrasonic na tsawon awanni 2, sannan a yi amfani da centrifugation a 4000 rpm na minti 10. A ɗauki 1 ml na supernatant a narkar da shi sau 12. An tantance abubuwan da ke cikin flavonoid ta amfani da hasken ultraviolet-visible spectrophotometry (UV-5800, Shanghai Yuanxi Instrument Co., Ltd., China) a tsawon tsayin 249 nm. Quercetin yana ɗaya daga cikin abubuwan da aka saba amfani da su8.
An tsara bayanai ta amfani da software na Excel 2010. An yi amfani da software na ƙididdiga na SPSS 20 don gudanar da nazarin bambance-bambancen bayanai. An zana hotuna ta amfani da Origin Pro 9.1. Ƙimar ƙididdiga da aka ƙididdige sun haɗa da matsakaicin ± SD. Bayanan mahimmancin ƙididdiga sun dogara ne akan P < 0.05.
A daidai wannan yawan sinadarin oxalic acid da aka fesa a kan ganyen, sinadarin Ca a cikin tushen Panax notoginseng ya ƙaru sosai yayin da adadin lemun tsami da aka shafa ya ƙaru (Tebur na 2). Idan aka kwatanta da rashin lemun tsami, sinadarin Ca ya ƙaru da kashi 212% lokacin da aka ƙara 3750 kg/h/m2 na lemun tsami ba tare da fesa sinadarin oxalic acid ba. Don irin adadin lemun tsami da aka shafa, sinadarin Ca ya ƙaru kaɗan yayin da yawan sinadarin oxalic acid ya ƙaru.
Yawan sinadarin Cd a cikin tushen ya kama daga 0.22 zuwa 0.70 mg kg-1. A daidai wannan adadin sinadarin oxalic acid, yayin da adadin lemun tsami da aka ƙara ya ƙaru, yawan sinadarin Cd na 2250 kg/h yana raguwa sosai. Idan aka kwatanta da na'urar sarrafawa, yawan sinadarin Cd a cikin tushen ya ragu da kashi 68.57% bayan fesawa da sinadarin 2250 kg hm-2 da kuma sinadarin oxalic acid na 0.1 mol l-1. Lokacin da aka shafa sinadarin limeless da 750 kg/h na lemun tsami, yawan sinadarin Cd a cikin tushen Panax notoginseng ya ragu sosai tare da ƙaruwar yawan sinadarin oxalic acid. Lokacin da aka shafa lemun tsami na 2250 kg/m2 da kuma lemun tsami na 3750 kg/m2, yawan sinadarin Cd a cikin tushen ya fara raguwa sannan ya ƙaru tare da ƙaruwar yawan sinadarin oxalic acid. Bugu da ƙari, nazarin bivariate ya nuna cewa lemun tsami yana da tasiri mai mahimmanci akan yawan Ca na tushen Panax notoginseng (F = 82.84**), lemun tsami yana da tasiri mai mahimmanci akan yawan Cd a cikin tushen Panax notoginseng (F = 74.99**), da kuma oxalic acid. acid (F = 7.72*).
Yayin da aka ƙara yawan lemun tsami da kuma yawan sinadarin oxalic acid da aka fesa ya ƙaru, yawan sinadarin MDA ya ragu sosai. Babu wani bambanci mai mahimmanci a cikin sinadarin MDA a cikin tushen Panax notoginseng ba tare da ƙara lemun tsami ba da kuma ƙara 3750 kg/m2 na lemun tsami. A lokacin da ake amfani da shi na 750 kg/h/m2 da 2250 kg/h/m2, yawan sinadarin lemun tsami na maganin feshi na oxalic acid 0.2 mol/L ya ragu da 58.38% da 40.21%, bi da bi, idan aka kwatanta da babu maganin feshi na oxalic acid. An lura da mafi ƙarancin sinadarin MDA (7.57 nmol g-1) lokacin feshi na hm-2 lemun tsami da 0.2 mol l-1 oxalic acid (Hoto na 1).
Tasirin fesa foliar da oxalic acid akan abun da ke cikin malondialdehyde a cikin tushen Panax notoginseng a ƙarƙashin matsin lambar cadmium. Lura: Labarin da ke cikin hoton yana nuna yawan oxalic acid a fesa (mol L-1), ƙananan haruffa daban-daban suna nuna bambance-bambance masu mahimmanci tsakanin maganin shafawa iri ɗaya na lemun tsami. lamba (P < 0.05). Haka yake a ƙasa.
Banda amfani da lemun tsami 3750 kg/h, babu wani bambanci mai mahimmanci a cikin aikin SOD a cikin tushen Panax notoginseng. Lokacin da aka ƙara 0, 750 da 2250 kg/h/m2 na lemun tsami, aikin SOD lokacin da aka yi amfani da shi ta hanyar fesawa da oxalic acid a cikin yawan mol/l ya fi girma fiye da ba tare da amfani da oxalic acid ba, yana ƙaruwa da 177.89%, 61.62% da 45.08% bi da bi. Aikin SOD a cikin tushen (598.18 U g-1) shine mafi girma a cikin rashin amfani da lemun tsami kuma lokacin da aka yi amfani da shi ta hanyar fesawa da oxalic acid a cikin yawan mol/l. Lokacin da aka fesa oxalic acid a cikin adadin ko 0.1 mol L-1, aikin SOD ya ƙaru tare da ƙaruwar adadin lemun tsami da aka ƙara. Bayan fesawa da oxalic acid 0.2 mol/L, aikin SOD ya ragu sosai (Hoto na 2).
Tasirin fesa ganyen da sinadarin oxalic acid akan aikin superoxide dismutase, peroxidase da catalase a cikin tushen Panax notoginseng a ƙarƙashin matsin lambar cadmium
Kamar yadda aikin SOD yake a cikin tushen sa, aikin POD a cikin tushen sa da aka yi wa magani ba tare da lemun tsami ba kuma aka fesa da 0.2 mol L-1 oxalic acid shine mafi girma (63.33 µmol g-1), wanda ya fi 148.35% girma fiye da sarrafawa (25.50 µmol g-1). Tare da ƙaruwar yawan fesawa na oxalic acid da maganin lemun tsami 3750 kg/m2, aikin POD ya fara ƙaruwa sannan ya ragu. Idan aka kwatanta da maganin da 0.1 mol L-1 oxalic acid, aikin POD lokacin da aka yi wa magani da 0.2 mol L-1 oxalic acid ya ragu da 36.31% (Hoto na 2).
Banda fesa sinadarin oxalic acid mai nauyin 0.2 mol/l da ƙara lemun tsami mai nauyin 2250 kg/h/m2 ko 3750 kg/h/m2, aikin CAT ya fi ƙarfin sarrafawa. Lokacin fesa sinadarin oxalic acid mai nauyin 0.1 mol/l da ƙara lemun tsami mai nauyin 0.2250 kg/m2 ko 3750 kg/h/m2, aikin CAT ya ƙaru da kashi 276.08%, 276.69% da 33.05%, bi da bi, idan aka kwatanta da maganin ba tare da fesa sinadarin oxalic acid ba. Aikin CAT a tushen ya fi girma (803.52 μmol/g) a maganin da ba shi da lemun tsami da kuma maganin oxalic acid mai nauyin 0.2 mol/L. Aikin CAT shine mafi ƙanƙanta (172.88 μmol/g) lokacin da aka yi masa magani da 3750 kg/h/m2 na lemun tsami da 0.2 mol/L oxalic acid (Hoto na 2).
Binciken Bivariate ya nuna cewa aikin CAT da aikin MDA na tushen Panax notoginseng suna da alaƙa sosai da adadin oxalic acid ko lemun tsami da aka fesa da kuma magungunan guda biyu (Tebur 3). Ayyukan SOD a cikin tushen yana da alaƙa sosai da maganin lemun tsami da oxalic acid ko yawan feshin oxalic acid. Ayyukan POD na tushen ya dogara sosai akan adadin lemun tsami da aka shafa ko maganin lemun tsami da oxalic acid.
Yawan sukari mai narkewa a cikin tushen ya ragu tare da ƙaruwar yawan shafawar lemun tsami da yawan feshi na oxalic acid. Babu wani bambanci mai mahimmanci a cikin yawan sukari mai narkewa a cikin tushen Panax notoginseng ba tare da shafa lemun tsami ba da kuma lokacin da aka shafa 750 kg/h/m2 na lemun tsami. Lokacin da aka shafa 2250 kg/m2 na lemun tsami, yawan sukari mai narkewa lokacin da aka yi masa magani da 0.2 mol/L oxalic acid ya fi girma fiye da lokacin da aka yi masa magani ba tare da feshi oxalic acid ba, yana ƙaruwa da 22.81%. Lokacin da aka shafa 3750 kg h/m2 na lemun tsami, yawan sukari mai narkewa ya ragu sosai yayin da yawan sinadarin oxalic acid da aka fesa ya ƙaru. Yawan sukari mai narkewa lokacin da aka yi masa magani da 0.2 mol L-1 oxalic acid ya ragu da 38.77% idan aka kwatanta da wanda ba tare da feshi oxalic acid ba. Bugu da ƙari, maganin feshi na oxalic acid mai nauyin 0.2 mol·L-1 yana da mafi ƙarancin sukari mai narkewa, wanda shine 205.80 mg·g-1 (Hoto na 3).
Tasirin fesa foliar da oxalic acid akan yawan sukari mai narkewa da furotin mai narkewa a cikin tushen Panax notoginseng a ƙarƙashin matsin lambar cadmium
Yawan furotin mai narkewa a tushen sa ya ragu sakamakon ƙaruwar yawan shafawa da kuma feshi da sinadarin oxalic acid. Ba tare da ƙara lemun tsami ba, yawan furotin mai narkewa lokacin da aka yi wa feshi da sinadarin oxalic acid a yawan sinadarin oxalic acid L-1 ya ragu da kashi 16.20% idan aka kwatanta da yadda aka sarrafa shi. Babu wani bambanci mai mahimmanci a cikin yawan furotin mai narkewa na tushen Panax notoginseng lokacin da aka shafa lemun tsami 750 kg/h. A ƙarƙashin yanayin amfani da shi na 2250 kg/h/m2 na lemun tsami, yawan furotin mai narkewa na maganin feshi na sinadarin oxalic acid 0.2 mol/L ya fi na maganin feshi na sinadarin oxalic acid (35.11%). Lokacin da aka shafa lemun tsami 3750 kg·h/m2, yawan furotin mai narkewa ya ragu sosai yayin da yawan sinadarin oxalic acid ya karu, tare da mafi ƙarancin sinadarin furotin mai narkewa (269.84 μg·g-1) lokacin da maganin oxalic acid shine 0.2 mol·L-1. (Hoto na 3).
Babu wani bambanci mai mahimmanci a cikin abun ciki na amino acid kyauta a cikin tushen Panax notoginseng ba tare da amfani da lemun tsami ba. Yayin da yawan sinadarin oxalic acid ya ƙaru kuma ƙara 750 kg/h/m2 na lemun tsami, abun ciki na amino acid kyauta ya fara raguwa sannan ya ƙaru. Idan aka kwatanta da maganin ba tare da fesa oxalic acid ba, abun ciki na amino acid kyauta ya ƙaru sosai da 33.58% lokacin fesa 2250 kg hm-2 lemun tsami da 0.2 mol l-1 oxalic acid. Abun ciki na amino acid kyauta ya ragu sosai tare da ƙaruwar yawan sinadarin oxalic acid da ƙara 3750 kg/m2 na lemun tsami. Abun ciki na amino acid kyauta na maganin fesa 0.2 mol L-1 oxalic acid kyauta ya ragu da 49.76% idan aka kwatanta da maganin fesa 0.2 mol L-1 oxalic acid mara oxalic acid. Abun ciki na amino acid kyauta ya fi yawa ba tare da fesa 2.09 mg g-1 ba. Maganin feshi na oxalic acid mai nauyin 0.2 mol/L yana da ƙarancin sinadarin amino acid kyauta (1.05 mg/g) (Hoto na 4).
Tasirin fesa ganyen da sinadarin oxalic acid akan abubuwan da ke cikin amino acid kyauta da proline a cikin tushen Panax notoginseng a ƙarƙashin yanayin damuwa na cadmium
Yawan sinadarin proline a cikin tushen ya ragu tare da ƙaruwar adadin lemun tsami da aka shafa da kuma yawan fesawa da sinadarin oxalic acid. Babu wani bambanci mai mahimmanci a cikin yawan sinadarin proline na tushen ginseng na Panax lokacin da ba a shafa lemun tsami ba. Yayin da yawan sinadarin oxalic acid ya ƙaru kuma amfani da sinadarin 750 ko 2250 kg/m2 na lemun tsami ya ƙaru, yawan sinadarin proline ya fara raguwa sannan ya ƙaru. Yawan sinadarin proline na maganin fesawa na L-1 oxalic acid 0.2 mol ya fi na maganin fesawa na L-1 oxalic acid 0.1 mol, wanda ya ƙaru da kashi 19.52% da 44.33%, bi da bi. Lokacin da aka ƙara sinadarin 3750 kg/m2 na lemun tsami, yawan sinadarin proline ya ragu sosai yayin da yawan sinadarin oxalic acid da aka fesa ya ƙaru. Bayan fesawa na L-1 oxalic acid 0.2 mol, yawan sinadarin proline ya ragu da kashi 54.68% idan aka kwatanta da wanda ba tare da fesawa na oxalic acid ba. Mafi ƙarancin abun ciki na proline shine lokacin da aka yi wa magani da 0.2 mol/l oxalic acid kuma ya kai 11.37 μg/g (Hoto na 4).
Jimillar sinadarin saponin da ke cikin Panax notoginseng shine Rg1>Rb1>R1. Babu wani bambanci mai mahimmanci a cikin sinadarin saponins guda uku tare da ƙaruwar yawan sinadarin oxalic acid da kuma yawan sinadarin ba tare da shafa lemun tsami ba (Tebur 4).
Yawan sinadarin R1 bayan fesa sinadarin oxalic acid na 0.2 mol L-1 ya yi ƙasa sosai fiye da wanda ba a fesa sinadarin oxalic acid ba kuma aka shafa masa sinadarin lemun tsami na 750 ko 3750 kg/m2. A yawan sinadarin oxalic acid da aka fesa masa na 0 ko 0.1 mol/L, babu wani bambanci mai mahimmanci a cikin sinadarin R1 tare da ƙaruwar adadin lemun tsami da aka ƙara. A yawan sinadarin oxalic acid na 0.2 mol/L, yawan sinadarin R1 a cikin sinadarin lemun tsami na 3750 kg/h/m2 ya yi ƙasa da kashi 43.84% ba tare da ƙara lemun tsami ba (Tebur 4).
Yayin da yawan feshi na oxalic acid ya ƙaru kuma aka ƙara 750 kg/m2 na lemun tsami, yawan Rg1 ya fara ƙaruwa sannan ya ragu. A lokacin da ake amfani da lemun tsami na 2250 da 3750 kg/h, yawan Rg1 ya ragu tare da ƙaruwar yawan feshi na oxalic acid. A daidai wannan yawan oxalic acid da aka fesa, yayin da adadin lemun tsami ya ƙaru, yawan Rg1 ya fara ƙaruwa sannan ya ragu. Idan aka kwatanta da sarrafawa, sai dai yawan Rg1 a cikin yawan oxalic acid guda uku da maganin lemun tsami 750 kg/m2, wanda ya fi na sarrafawa, yawan Rg1 a cikin tushen Panax notoginseng a wasu jiyya ya yi ƙasa da na sarrafawa. Mafi girman abun ciki na Rg1 shine lokacin da ake feshi 750 kg/h/m2 na lemun tsami da 0.1 mol/l oxalic acid, wanda ya fi 11.54% girma fiye da na sarrafawa (Tebur 4).
Yayin da yawan feshi na oxalic acid da adadin lemun tsami da aka shafa ya ƙaru a lokacin kwararar ruwa na 2250 kg/h, yawan Rb1 ya fara ƙaruwa sannan ya ragu. Bayan feshi na oxalic acid na 0.1 mol L-1 mol, yawan Rb1 ya kai matsakaicin ƙimar 3.46%, wanda ya fi 74.75% girma fiye da wanda ba a feshi da oxalic acid ba. Ga wasu hanyoyin magance lemun tsami, babu wani bambanci mai mahimmanci tsakanin yawan oxalic acid daban-daban. Bayan feshi da oxalic acid na 0.1 da 0.2 mol L-1, yayin da adadin lemun tsami ya ƙaru, yawan Rb1 ya fara raguwa sannan ya ragu (Tebur 4).
A daidai wannan feshi da sinadarin oxalic acid, yayin da adadin lemun tsami da aka ƙara ya ƙaru, sinadarin flavonoids ya fara ƙaruwa sannan ya ragu. Babu wani bambanci mai mahimmanci a cikin sinadarin flavonoids da aka gano lokacin feshi da sinadarin oxalic acid daban-daban ba tare da lemun tsami ba da kuma 3750 kg/m2 na lemun tsami. Lokacin da aka ƙara 750 da 2250 kg/m2 na lemun tsami, yayin da yawan sinadarin oxalic acid da aka feshi ya ƙaru, sinadarin flavonoids ya fara ƙaruwa sannan ya ragu. Lokacin da aka shafa 750 kg/m2 da kuma feshi da sinadarin oxalic acid a yawan 0.1 mol/l, yawan sinadarin flavonoids ya kai matsakaicin - 4.38 mg/g, wanda ya fi 18.38% girma fiye da lokacin da aka ƙara irin wannan sinadarin lemun tsami, kuma babu buƙatar feshi da sinadarin oxalic acid. Yawan sinadarin flavonoids lokacin da aka yi wa feshi da sinadarin oxalic acid na 0.1 mol L-1 oxalic acid ya ƙaru da kashi 21.74% idan aka kwatanta da maganin da ba tare da sinadarin oxalic acid ba da kuma maganin da aka yi da lemun tsami a adadin 2250 kg/m2 (Hoto na 5).
Tasirin fesa ganyen da oxalate akan abubuwan da ke cikin flavonoids a cikin tushen Panax notoginseng a ƙarƙashin matsin lambar cadmium
Binciken bivariate ya nuna cewa yawan sukari mai narkewa na tushen Panax notoginseng ya dogara sosai akan adadin lemun tsami da aka shafa da kuma yawan sinadarin oxalic acid da aka fesa. Yawan sinadarin furotin mai narkewa a cikin tushen yana da alaƙa sosai da yawan sinadarin lemun tsami da oxalic acid. Yawan sinadarin amino acid da proline a cikin tushen yana da alaƙa sosai da adadin lemun tsami da aka shafa, yawan sinadarin oxalic acid, lemun tsami da oxalic acid (Tebur 5).
Yawan sinadarin R1 da ke cikin tushen Panax notoginseng ya dogara sosai kan yawan sinadarin oxalic acid da aka fesa, adadin lemun tsami, lemun tsami da kuma oxalic acid da aka shafa. Yawan sinadarin flavonoids ya dogara sosai kan yawan sinadarin oxalic acid da aka fesa da kuma adadin lemun tsami da aka kara.
An yi amfani da gyare-gyare da yawa don rage matakan cadmium a cikin tsire-tsire ta hanyar gyara cadmium a cikin ƙasa, kamar lemun tsami da oxalic acid30. Ana amfani da lemun tsami sosai a matsayin gyaran ƙasa don rage matakan cadmium a cikin amfanin gona31. Liang et al. 32 sun ba da rahoton cewa ana iya amfani da oxalic acid don gyara ƙasa da ta gurɓata da ƙarfe masu nauyi. Bayan an ƙara yawan oxalic acid a cikin ƙasa mai gurɓata, yawan abubuwan da ke cikin ƙasa ya ƙaru, ƙarfin musayar cation ya ragu, kuma pH ya ƙaru33. Oxalic acid kuma zai iya amsawa da ions na ƙarfe a cikin ƙasa. A ƙarƙashin yanayin damuwa na Cd, yawan Cd a cikin Panax notoginseng ya ƙaru sosai idan aka kwatanta da sarrafawa. Duk da haka, idan an yi amfani da lemun tsami, yana raguwa sosai. Lokacin da aka yi amfani da 750 kg/h/m na lemun tsami a cikin wannan binciken, yawan Cd na tushen ya kai matsayin ƙasa (iyakar Cd shine Cd≤0.5 mg/kg, AQSIQ, GB/T 19086-200834), kuma tasirin ya kasance mai kyau. . Ana samun mafi kyawun sakamako ta hanyar ƙara 2250 kg/m2 na lemun tsami. Ƙara lemun tsami yana haifar da adadi mai yawa na wuraren gasa don Ca2+ da Cd2+ a cikin ƙasa, kuma ƙara oxalic acid yana rage yawan Cd a cikin tushen Panax notoginseng. Bayan haɗa lemun tsami da oxalic acid, yawan Cd na tushen Panax ginseng ya ragu sosai kuma ya kai matsayin ƙasa. Ca2+ a cikin ƙasa yana shaƙa zuwa saman tushen ta hanyar tsarin kwararar taro kuma ana iya shaƙa shi cikin ƙwayoyin tushe ta hanyar tashoshin calcium (tashoshin Ca2+), famfunan calcium (Ca2+-AT-Pase) da masu hana Ca2+/H+, sannan a kai shi a kwance zuwa ga tushen. Xylem23. Akwai muhimmiyar alaƙa mara kyau tsakanin yawan Ca da Cd a cikin tushen (P < 0.05). Yawan Cd ya ragu tare da ƙaruwar yawan Ca, wanda ya yi daidai da ra'ayin adawa tsakanin Ca da Cd. ANOVA ya nuna cewa adadin lemun tsami yana da tasiri mai mahimmanci akan yawan Ca a cikin tushen Panax notoginseng. Pongrack et al. 35 sun ruwaito cewa Cd yana ɗaurewa da oxalate a cikin lu'ulu'u na calcium oxalate kuma yana yin gogayya da Ca. Duk da haka, tasirin oxalic acid akan Ca ba shi da mahimmanci. Wannan yana nuna cewa ruwan sama na calcium oxalate daga oxalic acid da Ca2+ ba ruwan sama ne mai sauƙi ba, kuma tsarin coprecipitation na iya sarrafawa ta hanyoyi da yawa na rayuwa.
A ƙarƙashin matsin lambar cadmium, ana samun adadi mai yawa na nau'ikan iskar oxygen masu amsawa (ROS) a cikin tsire-tsire, wanda ke lalata tsarin membranes na tantanin halitta36. Ana iya amfani da abun ciki na Malondialdehyde (MDA) a matsayin alamar auna matakin ROS da matakin lalacewar membrane na plasma na tsire-tsire37. Tsarin hana kumburi muhimmin tsari ne na kariya don kawar da nau'ikan iskar oxygen masu amsawa38. Ayyukan enzymes masu hana kumburi (gami da POD, SOD, da CAT) galibi ana canza su ta hanyar damuwa ta cadmium. Sakamakon ya nuna cewa abun ciki na MDA yana da alaƙa mai kyau da yawan Cd, yana nuna cewa girman lipid peroxidation na membrane na shuka ya zurfafa tare da ƙaruwar yawan Cd37. Wannan ya yi daidai da sakamakon binciken da Ouyang et al.39 suka yi. Wannan binciken ya nuna cewa abun ciki na MDA yana da tasiri sosai ta hanyar lemun tsami, oxalic acid, lemun tsami da oxalic acid. Bayan an yi amfani da sinadarin oxalic acid mai nauyin 0.1 mol L-1, sinadarin MDA na Panax notoginseng ya ragu, wanda ke nuna cewa sinadarin oxalic acid zai iya rage yawan sinadarin Cd da ROS a cikin Panax notoginseng. Tsarin sinadarin antioxidant shine inda aikin cire sinadarin daga jiki ke faruwa. SOD yana cire sinadarin O2 da ke cikin ƙwayoyin shuka kuma yana samar da sinadarin O2 mara guba da kuma sinadarin H2O2 mai ƙarancin guba. POD da CAT suna cire H2O2 daga kyallen tsirrai kuma suna haɓaka rugujewar H2O2 zuwa H2O. Dangane da nazarin proteome na iTRAQ, an gano cewa matakan bayyanar furotin na SOD da PAL sun ragu kuma matakin bayyanar POD ya ƙaru bayan an shafa lemun tsami a ƙarƙashin matsin lamba na Cd40. Ayyukan CAT, SOD da POD a cikin tushen Panax notoginseng sun shafi tasirin sinadarin oxalic acid da lemun tsami. Maganin feshi da 0.1 mol L-1 oxalic acid ya ƙara yawan aikin SOD da CAT sosai, amma tasirin da aka samu kan aikin POD bai bayyana ba. Wannan ya nuna cewa oxalic acid yana hanzarta rugujewar ROS a ƙarƙashin matsin lamba na Cd kuma galibi yana kammala cire H2O2 ta hanyar daidaita ayyukan CAT, wanda yayi kama da sakamakon bincike na Guo et al.41 akan enzymes na antioxidant na Pseudospermum sibiricum. Kos. ). Tasirin ƙara 750 kg/h/m2 na lemun tsami akan ayyukan enzymes na tsarin antioxidant da abun ciki na malondialdehyde yayi kama da tasirin feshi da oxalic acid. Sakamakon ya nuna cewa maganin feshi na oxalic acid zai iya inganta ayyukan SOD da CAT yadda ya kamata a Panax notoginseng da kuma ƙara juriya ga damuwa na Panax notoginseng. An rage ayyukan SOD da POD ta hanyar maganin 0.2 mol L-1 oxalic acid da 3750 kg hm-2 lime, wanda ke nuna cewa fesawa mai yawa na oxalic acid da Ca2+ na iya haifar da damuwa ga tsirrai, wanda ya yi daidai da nazarin Luo da sauransu. Jira 42.