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Gurɓatar Cadmium (Cd) tana barazana ga noman shukar magani ta Panax notoginseng a lardin Yunnan. A ƙarƙashin yanayin damuwa na Cd na waje, an gudanar da gwajin fili don fahimtar tasirin shafawar lemun tsami (0.750, 2250 da 3750 kg bm-2) da feshi na oxalic acid (0, 0.1 da 0.2 mol l-1) akan tarin Cd. da aikin antioxidant. Abubuwan da ke cikin tsari da magani suna shafar Panax notoginseng. Sakamakon ya nuna cewa feshi mai sauri da foliar tare da oxalic acid na iya ƙara matakan Ca2+ a cikin Panax notoginseng a ƙarƙashin matsin lamba na Cd da rage gubar Cd2+. Ƙara lemun tsami da oxalic acid ya ƙara aikin enzymes na antioxidant kuma ya canza metabolism na osmoregulators. Ayyukan CAT sun ƙaru sosai, suna ƙaruwa sau 2.77. Mafi girman aikin SOD ya ƙaru da sau 1.78 lokacin da aka yi masa magani da oxalic acid. Yawan MDA ya ragu da kashi 58.38%. Akwai muhimmiyar alaƙa da sukari mai narkewa, amino acid kyauta, proline, da furotin mai narkewa. Lemun tsami da oxalic acid na iya ƙara ions na calcium (Ca2+), rage Cd, inganta juriya ga damuwa a cikin Panax notoginseng, da kuma ƙara yawan samar da saponins da flavonoid. Abubuwan da ke cikin Cd sun kasance mafi ƙanƙanta, ƙasa da kashi 68.57% fiye da waɗanda ke cikin sarrafawa, wanda ya yi daidai da ƙimar da aka saba (Cd≤0.5 mg/kg, GB/T 19086-2008). Kason SPN shine 7.73%, wanda ya kai matakin mafi girma na kowane magani, kuma abubuwan da ke cikin flavonoids sun ƙaru sosai da kashi 21.74%, wanda ya kai ƙimar da aka saba da ita ta magani da kuma mafi kyawun yawan amfanin ƙasa.
Cadmium (Cd), a matsayin gurɓataccen abu da aka saba gani a cikin ƙasa da aka noma, yana ƙaura cikin sauƙi kuma yana da guba mai yawa ta halitta1. El Shafei et al. 2 sun ba da rahoton cewa gubar Cd tana shafar inganci da yawan amfanin shuke-shuken da ake amfani da su. A cikin 'yan shekarun nan, abin da ya faru na yawan cadmium a cikin ƙasa na ƙasar da aka noma a kudu maso yammacin China ya zama mai tsanani. Lardin Yunnan shine Masarautar Rayayyun Halittu ta China, wanda daga cikinsu nau'ikan shuke-shuken magani ke kan gaba a ƙasar. Duk da haka, albarkatun ma'adinai masu yawa na Lardin Yunnan ba makawa suna haifar da gurɓatar ƙarfe mai nauyi a ƙasa yayin aikin haƙar ma'adinai, wanda ke shafar samar da shuke-shuken magani na gida.
Panax notoginseng (Burkill) Chen3 wani tsiro ne mai matuƙar amfani ga magungunan ganye na tsawon lokaci wanda ya samo asali daga dangin Araliaceae Panax ginseng. Tushen Panax notoginseng yana haɓaka zagayawar jini, yana kawar da taurin jini da kuma rage radadi. Babban wurin samarwa shine Wenshan Prefecture, lardin Yunnan 5. Gurɓatar Cd ta kasance a sama da kashi 75% na yankin ƙasa a yankin da aka shuka Panax notoginseng kuma ta wuce kashi 81-100% a wurare daban-daban6. Tasirin guba na Cd kuma yana rage yawan samar da sinadaran magani na Panax notoginseng, musamman saponins da flavonoids. Saponins wani nau'in aglycones ne, daga cikinsu aglycones triterpenoids ne ko spirosteranes, waɗanda sune manyan sinadaran aiki na magungunan ganye na kasar Sin kuma suna ɗauke da saponins. Wasu saponins kuma suna da ayyukan halittu masu mahimmanci kamar aikin kashe ƙwayoyin cuta, maganin kashe ƙwayoyin cuta, maganin kashe ƙwayoyin cuta da kuma maganin cutar kansa7. Flavonoids gabaɗaya yana nufin jerin mahaɗan da aka haɗa zoben benzene guda biyu tare da ƙungiyoyin phenolic hydroxyl ta hanyar ƙwayoyin carbon guda uku na tsakiya, kuma babban core shine 2-phenylchromanone 8. Yana da ƙarfi mai hana iskar oxygen, wanda zai iya kawar da radicals marasa iskar oxygen a cikin shuke-shuke yadda ya kamata, hana fitar da enzymes na halitta masu kumburi, haɓaka warkar da rauni da rage radadi, da rage matakan cholesterol. Yana ɗaya daga cikin manyan sinadaran aiki na Panax Ginseng. Magance matsalar gurɓatar ƙasa da cadmium a wuraren samar da Panax notoginseng sharaɗi ne mai mahimmanci don tabbatar da samar da manyan abubuwan magani.
Lemun tsami yana ɗaya daga cikin abubuwan da ake amfani da su wajen gyara gurɓatar ƙasa ta cadmium a wurin. Yana shafar sha da kuma adana Cd a cikin ƙasa kuma yana rage aikin halittu na Cd a cikin ƙasa ta hanyar ƙara pH da canza ƙarfin musayar ƙasa (CEC), cikar gishirin ƙasa (BS), ƙarfin redox na ƙasa (Eh)3,11. . Bugu da ƙari, lemun tsami yana samar da adadi mai yawa na Ca2+, wanda ke haifar da adawa da ionic tare da Cd2+, yana fafatawa don wuraren shaye-shayen tushe, yana hana jigilar Cd zuwa wurin harbi, kuma yana da ƙarancin guba na halitta. Tare da ƙara 50 mmol l-1 Ca a ƙarƙashin matsin lamba na Cd, an hana jigilar Cd a cikin ganyen sesame kuma an rage tarin Cd da 80%. An ba da rahoton bincike da yawa game da shinkafa (Oryza sativa L.) da sauran amfanin gona12,13.
Fesa ganyen amfanin gona don sarrafa tarin ƙarfe mai nauyi wata sabuwar hanya ce ta magance ƙarfe mai nauyi a cikin 'yan shekarun nan. Wannan ƙa'ida ta fi alaƙa da amsawar chelation a cikin ƙwayoyin shuka, wanda ke sa ƙarfe mai nauyi ya kasance a bangon tantanin halitta kuma yana hana ɗaukar ƙarfe mai nauyi ta hanyar tsire-tsire14,15. A matsayin wakili mai ƙarfi na dicarboxylic acid chelating, oxalic acid na iya cire ions na ƙarfe mai nauyi kai tsaye a cikin tsire-tsire, ta haka yana rage guba. Bincike ya nuna cewa oxalic acid a cikin waken soya na iya cire Cd2+ da kuma fitar da lu'ulu'u masu ɗauke da Cd ta hanyar ƙwayoyin trichome apical, yana rage matakan Cd2+ na jiki16. Oxalic acid na iya daidaita pH na ƙasa, ƙara ayyukan superoxide dismutase (SOD), peroxidase (POD), da catalase (CAT), da kuma daidaita shigar sukari mai narkewa, furotin mai narkewa, amino acid kyauta, da proline. Masu daidaita metabolism 17,18. Abubuwan acidic da yawan Ca2+ a cikin tsire-tsire na oxalate suna samar da sinadarin calcium oxalate a ƙarƙashin aikin sunadaran germ. Daidaita yawan Ca2+ a cikin tsire-tsire na iya daidaita sinadarin oxalic acid da Ca2+ da aka narkar a cikin tsire-tsire yadda ya kamata, sannan a guji yawan tara sinadarin oxalic acid da Ca2+19,20.
Adadin lemun tsami da aka yi amfani da shi yana ɗaya daga cikin muhimman abubuwan da ke shafar tasirin maidowa. An tabbatar da cewa yawan amfani da lemun tsami yana tsakanin 750 zuwa 6000 kg·h·m−2. Ga ƙasa mai acidic tare da pH 5.0-5.5, tasirin amfani da lemun tsami a kashi 3000-6000 kg·h·m-2 ya fi girma fiye da yadda ake amfani da shi a kashi 750 kg·h·m-221. Duk da haka, yawan amfani da lemun tsami zai haifar da wasu mummunan tasiri ga ƙasa, kamar manyan canje-canje a pH na ƙasa da kuma matse ƙasa22. Saboda haka, mun saita matakan maganin CaO a matsayin 0, 750, 2250 da 3750 kg·h·m−2. Lokacin da aka shafa oxalic acid a kan Arabidopsis, an gano cewa Ca2+ ya ragu sosai a 10 mM L-1, kuma dangin kwayar halittar CRT da ke tasiri ga siginar Ca2+ sun kasance masu amsawa sosai20. Tarin wasu binciken da aka yi a baya ya ba mu damar tantance yawan wannan gwajin da kuma ci gaba da nazarin hulɗar da ke tsakanin ƙarin abubuwan da ke cikin waje a kan Ca2+ da Cd2+23,24,25. Don haka, wannan binciken yana da nufin bincika tsarin da ke tattare da tasirin shafawa na lemun tsami a saman fata da fesa foliar na oxalic acid akan abun ciki na Cd da juriyar damuwa na Panax notoginseng a cikin ƙasa mai gurbata Cd, da kuma ƙara bincika mafi kyawun hanyoyi da hanyoyin ingancin magani. garanti. Fita daga Panax notoginseng. Yana ba da bayanai masu mahimmanci don jagorantar faɗaɗa noman ganye a cikin ƙasa mai gurbata cadmium da kuma samar da ingantaccen samarwa mai ɗorewa don biyan buƙatun kasuwa na magunguna.
An yi amfani da nau'in Wenshan notoginseng na gida a matsayin kayan aiki, an gudanar da gwajin fili a Lannizhai (24°11′N, 104°3′E, tsayi 1446m), Gundumar Qiubei, Gundumar Wenshan, Lardin Yunnan. Matsakaicin zafin jiki na shekara-shekara shine 17°C kuma matsakaicin ruwan sama na shekara-shekara shine 1250 mm. Matsayin bayan ƙasa da aka yi nazari a kai: TN 0.57 g kg-1, TP 1.64 g kg-1, TC 16.31 g kg-1, RH 31.86 g kg-1, alkaline hydrolyzed N 88.82 mg kg-1, P 18.55 mg kg-1, akwai K 100.37 mg kg-1, jimlar Cd 0.3 mg kg-1 da pH 5.4.
A ranar 10 ga Disamba, an shafa 6 mg/kg Cd2+ (CdCl2 2.5H2O) da lemun tsami (0.750, 2250 da 3750 kg h m-2) sannan aka gauraya su da saman ƙasa mai tsawon santimita 0-10 a kowace fili, 2017. An maimaita kowace magani sau 3. An gano filayen gwaji bazuwar, yankin kowanne fili shine mita 3. An dasa shukar Panax notoginseng mai shekara ɗaya bayan kwana 15 na noma a ƙasa. Lokacin amfani da ragar inuwa, ƙarfin hasken Panax notoginseng a cikin rufin inuwa shine kusan kashi 18% na ƙarfin hasken halitta na yau da kullun. Shuka bisa ga hanyoyin girma na gargajiya na gida. A lokacin da Panax notoginseng ya kai matakin girma a 2019, za a fesa oxalic acid a matsayin sodium oxalate. Yawan sinadarin oxalic acid shine 0, 0.1 da 0.2 mol l-1, bi da bi, kuma an daidaita pH zuwa 5.16 tare da NaOH don kwaikwayon matsakaicin pH na tarkacen da ke tacewa. Fesa saman ganyen sama da ƙasa sau ɗaya a mako da ƙarfe 8 na safe. Bayan fesawa sau 4, an girbe shuke-shuken Panax notoginseng masu shekaru 3 a mako na 5.
A watan Nuwamba na 2019, an tattara wasu tsire-tsire na Panax notoginseng masu shekaru uku da aka yi wa magani da oxalic acid a cikin filin. An sanya wasu samfuran tsire-tsire na Panax notoginseng masu shekaru 3 da za a gwada su don daidaita yanayin jiki da kuma aikin enzymatic a cikin bututun daskarewa, an daskare su da sauri a cikin ruwa mai nitrogen, sannan aka mayar da su cikin firiji a -80°C. Dole ne a tantance ɓangaren matakin girma a cikin samfuran tushen don Cd da abun da ke cikin sinadarin aiki. Bayan an wanke da ruwan famfo, a bushe a 105°C na minti 30, a riƙe nauyin a 75°C sannan a niƙa samfuran a cikin turmi. A ajiye.
A auna 0.2 g na busassun samfuran shuka a cikin kwalbar Erlenmeyer, a ƙara 8 ml HNO3 da 2 ml HClO4 sannan a rufe a cikin dare ɗaya. Washegari, ana sanya mazubin mai wuya mai lanƙwasa a cikin kwalbar mai siffar uku don rushewar wutar lantarki har sai farin hayaki ya bayyana kuma maganin ruɓewa ya bayyana. Bayan sanyaya zuwa zafin ɗaki, an mayar da cakuda zuwa kwalbar mai girman 10 ml. An tantance yawan Cd ɗin a kan na'urar aunawa ta atomic (Thermo ICE™ 3300 AAS, Amurka). (GB/T 23739-2009).
A auna 0.2 g na busassun samfuran shuka a cikin kwalbar filastik 50 ml, a ƙara 10 ml na 1 mol l-1 HCL, a rufe a girgiza na tsawon awanni 15 sannan a tace. Ta amfani da pipette, a zana adadin tacewa da ake buƙata don narkewar da ta dace sannan a ƙara maganin SrCl2 don kawo yawan Sr2+ zuwa 1 g L–1. An tantance yawan Ca ta amfani da na'urar auna zafin jiki ta atomic (Thermo ICE™ 3300 AAS, Amurka).
Malondialdehyde (MDA), superoxide dismutase (SOD), peroxidase (POD), da kuma hanyar amfani da kayan aiki na catalase (CAT) (DNM-9602, Beijing Pulang New Technology Co., Ltd., lambar rajistar samfura), yi amfani da kayan aiki na aunawa mai dacewa Lambar: Jingyaodianji (quasi) kalma ta 2013 No. 2400147).
A auna 0.05 g na samfurin Panax notoginseng sannan a ƙara sinadarin anthrone-sulfuric acid a gefen bututun. A girgiza bututun na tsawon daƙiƙa 2-3 don haɗa ruwan sosai. A sanya bututun a kan ma'ajiyar bututun gwaji na tsawon minti 15. An tantance yawan sukari mai narkewa ta amfani da hasken UV-visible spectrophotometry (UV-5800, Shanghai Yuanxi Instrument Co., Ltd., China) a tsawon tsayin 620 nm.
A auna 0.5 g na sabon samfurin Panax notoginseng, a niƙa shi zuwa homogenate da 5 ml na ruwan da aka tace sannan a yi amfani da centrifuge a 10,000 g na minti 10. A narkar da ruwan da ke cikinsa zuwa wani ƙaramin adadin da aka ƙayyade. An yi amfani da hanyar Coomassie Brilliant Blue. An ƙayyade yawan furotin mai narkewa ta amfani da spectrophotometry a cikin ultraviolet da yankunan da ake iya gani na bakan (UV-5800, Shanghai Yuanxi Instrument Co., Ltd., China) a tsawon tsayin 595 nm kuma an ƙididdige shi daga madaidaicin lanƙwasa na albumin na jini na shanu.
A auna samfurin 0.5 g sabo, a ƙara 5 ml na acetic acid 10% don niƙa da kuma daidaita shi, tace shi da kuma narke shi zuwa girman da ya dace. Hanyar chromogenic ta amfani da maganin ninhydrin. An ƙayyade abubuwan da ke cikin amino acid kyauta ta hanyar amfani da spectrophotometry na ultraviolet (UV-5800, Shanghai Yuanxi Instrument Co., Ltd., China) a tsawon tsayi na 570 nm kuma an ƙididdige shi daga madaidaicin lanƙwasa na leucine.
A auna 0.5 g na sabon samfurin, a ƙara 5 ml na maganin sulfosalicylic acid na 3%, a dafa a cikin ruwan wanka a girgiza na minti 10. Bayan sanyaya, an tace maganin kuma an narkar da shi zuwa ƙarar da ba ta canzawa. An yi amfani da hanyar acid ninhydrin chromogenic. An ƙayyade yawan Proline ta hanyar UV-visible spectrophotometry (UV-5800, Shanghai Yuanxi Instrument Co., Ltd., China) a tsawon tsayin 520 nm kuma an ƙididdige shi daga madaidaicin lanƙwasa na proline.
An tantance abubuwan da ke cikin saponins ta hanyar amfani da fasahar ruwa mai ƙarfi (HPLC) bisa ga Pharmacopoeia na Jamhuriyar Jama'ar China (bugu na 2015). Babban ƙa'idar HPLC ita ce amfani da ruwa mai ƙarfi a matsayin matakin motsi da kuma amfani da fasahar rabuwa mai inganci a kan ginshiƙin matakin tsaye don ƙwayoyin ultrafine. Ƙwarewar aiki sune kamar haka:
Yanayin HPLC da gwajin dacewa da tsarin (Tebur 1): An gudanar da fitar da haske mai zurfi bisa ga tebur mai zuwa, ta amfani da gel ɗin silica da aka ɗaure da octadecylsilane a matsayin mai cikawa, acetonitrile a matsayin matakin motsi na A, ruwa a matsayin matakin motsi na B, kuma tsawon lokacin ganowa shine 203 nm. Adadin kofunan ka'ida da aka ƙididdige daga kololuwar R1 na Panax notoginseng saponins ya kamata ya zama aƙalla 4000.
Shirya maganin da aka yi amfani da shi: A auna ginsenosides Rg1 daidai, ginsenosides Rb1 da notoginsenosides R1, sannan a ƙara methanol don samun gaurayen maganin ginsenoside Rg1, 0.4 mg ginsenoside Rb1 da 0.1 mg notoginsenoside R1 a kowace ml.
Shirya maganin gwaji: A auna 0.6 g na garin Sanxin sannan a zuba 50 ml na methanol. An auna hadin (W1) sannan a bar shi ya kwana daya. Sai a tafasa ruwan da aka hada kadan a cikin ruwan wanka a zafin digiri 80 na Celsius na tsawon awanni 2. Bayan ya huce, a auna ruwan da aka hada sannan a zuba methanol da ya fito a cikin ruwan farko na W1. Sai a girgiza sosai sannan a tace. An bar tacewa don tantancewa.
An sha sinadarin saponin daidai da kashi 10 µl na maganin da aka saba da kuma kashi 10 µl na tacewa sannan aka yi allurar a cikin HPLC (Thermo HPLC-ultimate 3000, Seymour Fisher Technology Co., Ltd.)24.
Daidaitaccen lanƙwasa: ƙayyade maganin Rg1, Rb1, R1 gauraye, yanayin chromatography iri ɗaya ne da na sama. Lissafa madaidaicin lanƙwasa tare da yankin kololuwar da aka auna akan axis y da kuma yawan saponin a cikin daidaitaccen maganin akan abscissa. Haɗa yankin kololuwar da aka auna na samfurin a cikin madaidaicin lanƙwasa don ƙididdige yawan saponin.
A auna samfurin P. notogensings mai nauyin 0.1 g sannan a ƙara 50 ml na maganin CH3OH mai nauyin 70%. A sonicate na tsawon awanni 2, sannan a yi amfani da centrifuge a 4000 rpm na minti 10. A ɗauki 1 ml na supernatant a narkar da shi sau 12. An tantance abubuwan da ke cikin flavonoids ta hanyar amfani da spectrophotometry na ultraviolet (UV-5800, Shanghai Yuanxi Instrument Co., Ltd., China) a tsawon tsayin 249 nm. Quercetin abu ne mai yawan gaske8.
An tsara bayanai ta amfani da manhajar Excel 2010. An kimanta nazarin bambancin bayanai ta amfani da manhajar SPSS Statistics 20. An zana hoton da aka zana ta asali Pro 9.1. Ƙididdigar da aka ƙididdige sun haɗa da matsakaicin ± karkacewar daidaito. Bayanan mahimmancin ƙididdiga sun dogara ne akan P <0.05.
A yanayin feshin foliar da irin wannan sinadarin oxalic acid, sinadarin Ca a cikin tushen Panax notoginseng ya ƙaru sosai yayin da ake ƙara yawan shafawa a lemun tsami (Tebur na 2). Idan aka kwatanta da rashin shafa lemun tsami, sinadarin Ca ya ƙaru da kashi 212% a 3750 kg ppm lemun tsami ba tare da feshin oxalic acid ba. A daidai wannan adadin shafawa a lemun tsami, sinadarin calcium ya ƙaru kaɗan tare da ƙaruwar yawan sinadarin oxalic acid da aka fesa.
Yawan sinadarin Cd a cikin tushen ya bambanta daga 0.22 zuwa 0.70 mg/kg. A daidai wannan yawan sinadarin oxalic acid, yawan sinadarin 2250 kg hm-2 Cd ya ragu sosai tare da ƙaruwar yawan sinadarin lemun tsami. Idan aka kwatanta da yadda aka sarrafa shi, lokacin da aka fesa tushen da 2250 kg gm-2 lemun tsami da 0.1 mol l-1 oxalic acid, yawan sinadarin Cd ya ragu da 68.57%. Lokacin da aka shafa ba tare da lemun tsami da 750 kg hm-2 lemun tsami ba, yawan sinadarin Cd a cikin tushen Panax notoginseng ya ragu sosai tare da ƙaruwar yawan sinadarin oxalic acid. Tare da gabatar da 2250 kg na lemun tsami gm-2 da 3750 kg na lemun tsami gm-2, yawan sinadarin Cd a cikin tushen ya fara raguwa sannan ya ƙaru tare da ƙaruwar yawan sinadarin oxalic acid. Bugu da ƙari, nazarin 2D ya nuna cewa sinadarin Ca a cikin tushen Panax notoginseng ya shafi lemun tsami sosai (F = 82.84**), sinadarin Cd a cikin tushen Panax notoginseng ya shafi lemun tsami sosai (F = 74.99**) da kuma sinadarin oxalic acid. (F = 74.99**). F = 7.72*).
Tare da ƙaruwar yawan amfani da lemun tsami da kuma yawan fesawa da sinadarin oxalic acid, yawan amfani da sinadarin MDA ya ragu sosai. Babu wani bambanci mai mahimmanci da aka samu a cikin sinadarin MDA tsakanin tushen Panax notoginseng da aka yi wa lemun tsami da kuma lemun tsami 3750 kg g/m2. A lokacin da aka yi amfani da sinadarin hm-2 da 2250 kg hm-2, yawan amfani da sinadarin MDA a cikin sinadarin oxalic acid 0.2 mol l-1 lokacin da aka fesa ya kasance ƙasa da kashi 58.38% da 40.21% idan aka kwatanta da sinadarin oxalic acid wanda ba a fesa ba, bi da bi. Yawan amfani da sinadarin MDA (7.57 nmol g-1) shine mafi ƙanƙanta lokacin da aka ƙara sinadarin hm-2 kilogiram 750 da kuma sinadarin oxalic acid 0.2 mol l-1 (Hoto na 1).
Tasirin fesa ganye da sinadarin oxalic acid akan abun da ke cikin malondialdehyde a cikin tushen Panax notoginseng a ƙarƙashin matsin lambar cadmium [J]. P<0.05). Haka yake a ƙasa.
Banda amfani da lemun tsami mai nauyin kilogiram 3750 a kowace awa m2, babu wani bambanci mai mahimmanci da aka gani a cikin aikin SOD na tsarin tushen Panax notoginseng. Lokacin amfani da lemun tsami mai nauyin kilogiram 0, 750 da 2250 a kowace awa hm-2, aikin SOD lokacin fesa sinadarin oxalic acid mai nauyin kilogiram 0.2 a kowace awa ya fi girma fiye da rashin maganin oxalic acid, wanda ya karu da kashi 177.89%, 61.62% da 45 .08% bi da bi. Aikin SOD (raka'a 598.18 g-1) a cikin tushen ya fi girma lokacin da aka yi wa magani ba tare da lemun tsami ba kuma aka fesa shi da sinadarin oxalic acid mai nauyin kilogiram 0.2 a kowace awa 1 a kowace awa. A daidai wannan adadin ba tare da sinadarin oxalic acid ko kuma aka fesa shi da sinadarin oxalic acid mai nauyin kilogiram 0.1 a kowace awa ...
Tasirin fesa ganye da sinadarin oxalic acid akan aikin superoxide dismutase, peroxidase, da catalase a cikin tushen Panax notoginseng a ƙarƙashin matsin lambar cadmium [J].
Kamar yadda aikin SOD yake a cikin tushen sa, aikin POD a cikin tushen sa (63.33 µmol g-1) ya fi girma lokacin da aka fesa ba tare da lemun tsami da 0.2 mol L-1 oxalic acid ba, wanda ya fi 148.35% girma fiye da sarrafawa (25.50 µmol g-1). . Ayyukan POD da farko sun ƙaru sannan suka ragu tare da ƙaruwar yawan fesawar oxalic acid da kuma maganin lemun tsami 3750 kg hm −2. Idan aka kwatanta da maganin da 0.1 mol l-1 oxalic acid, aikin POD ya ragu da 36.31% lokacin da aka yi masa magani da 0.2 mol l-1 oxalic acid (Hoto na 2).
Banda fesa sinadarin oxalic acid mai nauyin 0.2 mol l-1 da kuma shafa sinadarin oxalic acid mai nauyin 2250 kg hm-2 ko 3750 kg hm-2, aikin CAT ya fi na sarrafawa muhimmanci. Aikin CAT na magani da sinadarin oxalic acid mai nauyin 0.1 mol l-1 da kuma maganin lemun tsami mai nauyin 0.2250 kg h m-2 ko 3750 kg h m-2 ya karu da kashi 276.08%, 276.69% da 33 .05% bi da bi idan aka kwatanta da rashin maganin oxalic acid. Aikin CAT na tushen (803.52 µmol g-1) da aka yi wa magani da sinadarin oxalic acid mai nauyin 0.2 mol l-1 shine mafi girma. Aikin CAT (172.88 µmol g-1) shine mafi ƙanƙanta a maganin lemun tsami mai nauyin 3750 kg hm-2 da sinadarin oxalic acid mai nauyin 0.2 mol l-1 (Hoto na 2).
Binciken Bivariate ya nuna cewa ayyukan Panax notoginseng CAT da MDA suna da alaƙa sosai da adadin oxalic acid ko feshi na lemun tsami da kuma duka hanyoyin magani (Tebur 3). Ayyukan SOD a cikin tushen yana da alaƙa sosai da maganin lemun tsami da oxalic acid ko yawan feshi na oxalic acid. Ayyukan POD na tushen yana da alaƙa sosai da adadin lemun tsami da aka shafa ko tare da amfani da lemun tsami da oxalic acid a lokaci guda.
Yawan sukari mai narkewa a cikin amfanin gona ya ragu tare da ƙaruwar yawan amfani da lemun tsami da kuma yawan fesawa da sinadarin oxalic acid. Babu wani bambanci mai mahimmanci a cikin yawan sukari mai narkewa a cikin tushen Panax notoginseng ba tare da amfani da lemun tsami ba kuma tare da amfani da 750 kg·h·m−2 na lemun tsami. Lokacin da ake amfani da 2250 kg hm-2 lemun tsami, yawan sukari mai narkewa lokacin da aka yi wa magani da 0.2 mol l-1 oxalic acid ya fi girma fiye da lokacin fesawa da sinadarin non-oxalic acid, wanda ya karu da 22.81%. Lokacin da ake amfani da lemun tsami a cikin adadin 3750 kg·h·m-2, yawan sukari mai narkewa ya ragu sosai tare da ƙaruwar yawan fesawa da sinadarin oxalic acid. Yawan sukari mai narkewa na maganin fesawa na sinadarin oxalic acid 0.2 mol L-1 oxalic acid ya kasance ƙasa da kashi 38.77% fiye da na maganin ba tare da maganin oxalic acid ba. Bugu da ƙari, maganin feshi da 0.2 mol l-1 oxalic acid yana da mafi ƙarancin sukari mai narkewa na 205.80 mg g-1 (Hoto na 3).
Tasirin fesa ganye da sinadarin oxalic acid akan yawan sukari mai narkewa da furotin mai narkewa a cikin tushen Panax notoginseng a ƙarƙashin matsin lambar cadmium [J].
Yawan furotin mai narkewa a cikin tushen ya ragu tare da ƙaruwar yawan amfani da lemun tsami da oxalic acid. Idan babu lemun tsami, yawan furotin mai narkewa a cikin maganin feshi da oxalic acid 0.2 mol l-1 ya yi ƙasa sosai fiye da yadda ake sarrafawa, da kashi 16.20%. Lokacin da ake shafa lemun tsami 750 kg hm-2, ba a lura da wani bambanci mai mahimmanci a cikin yawan furotin mai narkewa a cikin tushen Panax notoginseng ba. A lokacin da ake shafa lemun tsami 2250 kg h m-2, yawan furotin mai narkewa a cikin maganin feshi na oxalic acid na 0.2 mol l-1 ya fi girma fiye da na maganin feshi na acid mara oxalic (35.11%). Lokacin da aka shafa lemun tsami a 3750 kg h m-2, yawan furotin mai narkewa ya ragu sosai tare da ƙaruwar yawan feshi na oxalic acid, kuma yawan furotin mai narkewa (269.84 µg g-1) ya kasance mafi ƙanƙanta lokacin da aka yi masa magani a 0.2 mol l-1. Fesawa 1 da sinadarin oxalic acid (Hoto na 3).
Babu wani bambanci mai mahimmanci a cikin abubuwan da ke cikin amino acid kyauta a cikin tushen Panax notoginseng idan babu lemun tsami. Tare da ƙaruwar yawan fesawa da oxalic acid da kuma yawan amfani da lemun tsami na 750 kg hm-2, abubuwan da ke cikin amino acid kyauta sun fara raguwa sannan suka ƙaru. Amfani da maganin da 2250 kg hm-2 lemun tsami da 0.2 mol l-1 oxalic acid ya ƙara yawan amino acid kyauta da 33.58% idan aka kwatanta da babu magani da oxalic acid. Tare da ƙaruwar yawan fesawa da oxalic acid da kuma gabatar da 3750 kg·hm-2 na lemun tsami, abun da ke cikin amino acid kyauta ya ragu sosai. Abun da ke cikin amino acid kyauta a cikin maganin fesawa na oxalic acid na 0.2 mol L-1 ya kasance ƙasa da kashi 49.76% fiye da maganin da ba tare da maganin oxalic acid ba. Abun da ke cikin amino acid kyauta ya kasance mafi girma lokacin da aka yi masa magani ba tare da magani da oxalic acid ba kuma ya kai 2.09 mg/g. Abubuwan da ke cikin amino acid kyauta (1.05 mg g-1) sun kasance mafi ƙanƙanta lokacin da aka fesa da 0.2 mol l-1 oxalic acid (Hoto na 4).
Tasirin fesa ganye da sinadarin oxalic acid akan abubuwan da ke cikin amino acid kyauta da proline a cikin tushen Panax notoginseng a ƙarƙashin yanayin damuwa na cadmium [J].
Yawan sinadarin proline a cikin tushen ya ragu tare da ƙaruwar yawan amfani da lemun tsami da oxalic acid. Babu wani bambanci mai mahimmanci a cikin yawan sinadarin proline na Panax notoginseng idan babu lemun tsami. Tare da ƙaruwar yawan amfani da sinadarin oxalic acid da lemun tsami na 750, 2250 kg hm-2, yawan sinadarin proline ya fara raguwa sannan ya ƙaru. Yawan sinadarin proline a cikin maganin feshi na oxalic acid na 0.2 mol l-1 ya fi yawan sinadarin proline a cikin maganin feshi na oxalic acid na 0.1 mol l-1, wanda ya ƙaru da kashi 19.52% da 44.33%, bi da bi. Lokacin da ake amfani da sinadarin 3750 kg·hm-2 na lemun tsami, yawan sinadarin proline ya ragu sosai tare da ƙaruwar yawan amfani da sinadarin oxalic acid. Yawan sinadarin proline bayan feshi da sinadarin oxalic acid na 0.2 mol l-1 ya kasance ƙasa da kashi 54.68% idan aka kwatanta da wanda ba shi da sinadarin oxalic acid. Abubuwan da ke cikin proline sun fi ƙanƙanta kuma sun kai 11.37 μg/g bayan an yi musu magani da 0.2 mol/l oxalic acid (Hoto na 4).
Jimillar saponins da ke cikin Panax notoginseng shine Rg1>Rb1>R1. Babu wani bambanci mai mahimmanci a cikin abun da ke cikin saponins guda uku tare da ƙaruwar yawan feshi na oxalic acid kuma babu lemun tsami (Tebur 4).
Abubuwan da ke cikin R1 lokacin fesawa oxalic acid 0.2 mol l-1 sun yi ƙasa sosai fiye da rashin fesa oxalic acid da amfani da lemun tsami 750 ko 3750 kg·h·m-2. Tare da yawan fesawa oxalic acid na 0 ko 0.1 mol l-1, babu wani bambanci mai mahimmanci a cikin abun ciki na R1 tare da ƙaruwa a yawan amfani da lemun tsami. A yawan fesawa na oxalic acid na 0.2 mol l-1, abun ciki na R1 na 3750 kg hm-2 na lemun tsami ya yi ƙasa sosai fiye da na 43.84% ba tare da lemun tsami ba (Tebur 4).
Da farko abun ciki na Rg1 ya ƙaru sannan ya ragu tare da ƙaruwar yawan fesawa da sinadarin oxalic acid da kuma yawan amfani da lemun tsami na 750 kg·h·m−2. A lokacin da ake amfani da lemun tsami na 2250 ko 3750 kg h m-2, abun ciki na Rg1 ya ragu tare da ƙaruwar yawan fesawa na sinadarin oxalic acid. A daidai wannan yawan fesawa na sinadarin oxalic acid, abun ciki na Rg1 ya fara ƙaruwa sannan ya ragu tare da ƙaruwar yawan fesawa na lemun tsami. Idan aka kwatanta da abin da ake amfani da shi, banda yawan fesawa na sinadarin oxalic acid guda uku da 750 kg h m-2, abun ciki na Rg1 ya fi na abin da ake amfani da shi, abun ciki na Rg1 a tushen wasu magunguna ya yi ƙasa da na abin da ake amfani da shi. Abun ciki na Rg1 ya fi girma lokacin da aka fesa da sinadarin gm-2 da kuma sinadarin oxalic acid 0.1 mol l-1, wanda ya fi kashi 11.54% girma fiye da abin da ake amfani da shi (Tebur 4).
Da farko yawan sinadarin Rb1 ya ƙaru sannan ya ragu tare da ƙaruwar yawan feshi da sinadarin oxalic acid da kuma yawan amfani da lemun tsami na kilogiram 2250 hm-2. Bayan feshi da sinadarin oxalic acid na 0.1 mol l-1, yawan sinadarin Rb1 ya kai matsakaicin kashi 3.46%, wanda ya fi kashi 74.75% idan aka kwatanta da wanda ba a feshi da sinadarin oxalic acid ba. Tare da sauran magungunan lemun tsami, babu wani bambanci mai mahimmanci tsakanin yawan sinadarin oxalic acid daban-daban. Lokacin da aka feshi da sinadarin oxalic acid na 0.1 da 0.2 mol l-1, yawan sinadarin Rb1 ya fara raguwa, sannan ya ragu tare da ƙaruwar adadin lemun tsami (tebur 4).
A daidai wannan yawan sinadarin oxalic acid da aka fesa, yawan sinadarin flavonoids ya fara ƙaruwa sannan ya ragu tare da ƙaruwar yawan amfani da lemun tsami. Babu lemun tsami ko 3750 kg hm-2 lemun tsami da aka fesa da nau'ikan sinadarin oxalic acid daban-daban yana da babban bambanci a cikin yawan sinadarin flavonoid. Lokacin da aka shafa lemun tsami a ƙimar 750 da 2250 kg h m-2, yawan sinadarin flavonoids ya fara ƙaruwa sannan ya ragu tare da ƙaruwar yawan fesa sinadarin oxalic acid. Lokacin da aka yi wa maganin da ƙimar 750 kg hm-2 aka fesa shi da 0.1 mol l-1 oxalic acid, yawan sinadarin flavonoids ya fi yawa kuma ya kai 4.38 mg g-1, wanda ya fi 18.38% girma fiye da lemun tsami a daidai wannan adadin amfani. ba tare da fesa sinadarin oxalic acid ba. Yawan flavonoids yayin fesawa da oxalic acid 0.1 mol l-1 ya ƙaru da kashi 21.74% idan aka kwatanta da magani ba tare da fesawa da oxalic acid ba da kuma maganin lemun tsami da kilogiram 2250 hm-2 (Hoto na 5).
Tasirin feshin foliar na oxalate akan abubuwan da ke cikin flavonoid a cikin tushen Panax notoginseng a ƙarƙashin matsin lambar cadmium [J].
Binciken bivariate ya nuna cewa yawan sukari mai narkewa na Panax notoginseng yana da alaƙa sosai da adadin lemun tsami da aka shafa da kuma yawan sinadarin oxalic acid da aka fesa. Yawan sinadarin furotin mai narkewa a cikin amfanin gona na tushen yana da alaƙa sosai da yawan sinadarin lemun tsami, duka lemun tsami da kuma oxalic acid. Yawan sinadarin amino acid da proline a cikin tushen yana da alaƙa sosai da yawan sinadarin lemun tsami, yawan sinadarin oxalic acid, lemun tsami da kuma oxalic acid (Tebur 5).
Abubuwan da ke cikin R1 a cikin tushen Panax notoginseng sun yi daidai da yawan fesawa da oxalic acid, adadin lemun tsami, lemun tsami da oxalic acid da aka shafa. Abubuwan da ke cikin flavonoid sun yi daidai da yawan oxalic acid da aka fesa da kuma adadin lemun tsami da aka shafa.
An yi amfani da gyare-gyare da yawa don rage Cd na shuka ta hanyar hana Cd motsi a cikin ƙasa, kamar lemun tsami da oxalic acid30. Ana amfani da lemun tsami sosai a matsayin ƙarin ƙasa don rage yawan cadmium a cikin amfanin gona31. Liang et al. 32 sun ba da rahoton cewa ana iya amfani da oxalic acid don dawo da ƙasa da ta gurɓata da ƙarfe masu nauyi. Bayan amfani da yawan oxalic acid daban-daban a cikin ƙasa da ta gurɓata, ƙasa ta ƙunshi abubuwa masu rai, ƙarfin musayar cation ya ragu, kuma ƙimar pH ta ƙaru da 33. Oxalic acid kuma zai iya amsawa da ions na ƙarfe a cikin ƙasa. A ƙarƙashin damuwa na Cd, yawan Cd a cikin Panax notoginseng ya ƙaru sosai idan aka kwatanta da sarrafawa. Duk da haka, lokacin da aka yi amfani da lemun tsami, ya ragu sosai. A cikin wannan binciken, lokacin da ake amfani da lemun tsami mai nauyin kilogiram 750 na hm-2, yawan sinadarin Cd a cikin tushen ya kai matsayin ƙasa (iyakar Cd: Cd≤0.5 mg/kg, AQSIQ, GB/T 19086-200834), kuma tasirin da ake samu lokacin amfani da lemun tsami mai nauyin kilogiram 2250 na hm−2 ya fi kyau idan aka yi amfani da lemun tsami. Amfani da lemun tsami ya haifar da adadi mai yawa na wuraren gasa tsakanin Ca2+ da Cd2+ a cikin ƙasa, kuma ƙara sinadarin oxalic zai iya rage yawan sinadarin Cd a cikin tushen Panax notoginseng. Duk da haka, yawan sinadarin Cd na tushen Panax notoginseng ya ragu sosai ta hanyar haɗa lemun tsami da acid oxalic, wanda ya kai matsayin ƙasa. Ana shaƙar Ca2+ a cikin ƙasa a saman tushen yayin kwararar taro kuma ƙwayoyin tushe za su iya ɗaukar su ta hanyar tashoshin calcium (Ca2+-channels), famfunan calcium (Ca2+-AT-Pase) da masu hana Ca2+/H+, sannan a kai su a kwance zuwa tushen xylem 23. Abubuwan da ke ciki Tushen Ca ya yi mummunan alaƙa da abun ciki na Cd (P<0.05). Abun da ke cikin Cd ya ragu tare da ƙaruwa a cikin abun ciki na Ca, wanda ya yi daidai da ra'ayin game da adawa da Ca da Cd. Binciken bambancin ya nuna cewa adadin lemun tsami ya yi tasiri sosai kan abun ciki na Ca a cikin tushen Panax notoginseng. Pongrac et al. 35 sun ba da rahoton cewa Cd yana ɗaure zuwa oxalate a cikin lu'ulu'u na calcium oxalate kuma yana yin gogayya da Ca. Duk da haka, daidaita Ca ta oxalate ba shi da mahimmanci. Wannan ya nuna cewa ruwan sama na calcium oxalate da oxalic acid da Ca2+ suka samar ba ruwan sama ne mai sauƙi ba, kuma ana iya sarrafa tsarin haɗuwa ta hanyar hanyoyin rayuwa daban-daban.