Ana iya ganin Formate a matsayin ginshiƙin tattalin arzikin halittu masu tsaka-tsaki na carbon, wanda aka samar daga CO2 ta amfani da hanyoyin sinadarai (electro) kuma aka mayar da shi zuwa samfuran da aka ƙara darajar ta amfani da cascades na enzymatic ko ƙananan halittu masu ƙira. Wani muhimmin mataki na faɗaɗa haɗuwar tsarin roba shine raguwar formaldehyde mai rikitarwa a yanayin thermodynamically, wanda a nan ya bayyana a matsayin canjin launin rawaya. Daraja: Cibiyar Nazarin Kwayoyin Halitta ta Duniya Max Planck/Geisel.
Masana kimiyya a Cibiyar Max Planck sun ƙirƙiri wata hanyar da aka yi amfani da ita wajen sarrafa sinadaran da ke canza carbon dioxide zuwa formaldehyde tare da taimakon formic acid, wanda hakan ke ba da hanyar da ba ta da sinadarin carbon don samar da kayayyaki masu mahimmanci.
Sabbin hanyoyin anabolic don daidaita carbon dioxide ba wai kawai suna taimakawa wajen rage matakan carbon dioxide a cikin sararin samaniya ba, har ma suna iya maye gurbin samar da sinadarai na gargajiya na magunguna da sinadaran aiki tare da hanyoyin nazarin halittu marasa sinadarin carbon. Sabon bincike ya nuna wani tsari da za a iya amfani da formic acid don canza carbon dioxide zuwa wani abu mai mahimmanci ga masana'antar sinadarai.
Ganin yadda ake samun karuwar hayakin da ke gurbata muhalli, toshewar carbon ko kuma toshewar carbon dioxide daga manyan hanyoyin fitar da hayaki abu ne mai matukar muhimmanci. A yanayi, tattara carbon dioxide ya dade yana gudana tsawon miliyoyin shekaru, amma karfinsa bai isa ya maye gurbin hayakin da ke gurbata muhalli ba.
Masu bincike karkashin jagorancin Tobias Erb na Cibiyar Nazarin Kwayoyin Halittar Duniya. Max Planck yana amfani da kayan aikin halitta don ƙirƙirar sabbin hanyoyi don daidaita carbon dioxide. Yanzu sun yi nasarar ƙirƙirar hanyar rayuwa ta wucin gadi wadda ke samar da formaldehyde mai amsawa sosai daga formic acid, mai yiwuwa matsakaici a cikin photosynthesis na wucin gadi. Formaldehyde na iya shiga kai tsaye cikin hanyoyi da yawa na rayuwa don samar da wasu abubuwa masu mahimmanci ba tare da wani mummunan tasiri ba. Kamar yadda yake tare da tsari na halitta, ana buƙatar manyan sinadarai guda biyu: makamashi da carbon. Na farko za a iya samar da shi ba kawai ta hanyar hasken rana kai tsaye ba, har ma da wutar lantarki - misali, na'urorin hasken rana.
A cikin sarkar darajar, tushen carbon yana da bambanci. Ba carbon dioxide kaɗai ba ne zaɓi a nan, muna magana ne game da dukkan mahaɗan carbon daban-daban (tubalan ginin C1): carbon monoxide, formic acid, formaldehyde, methanol da methane. Duk da haka, kusan duk waɗannan abubuwa suna da guba sosai, duka ga halittu masu rai (carbon monoxide, formaldehyde, methanol) da kuma ga duniya (methane a matsayin iskar gas mai hayaki). Sai bayan an kawar da formic acid zuwa ga asalinsa ne ƙwayoyin cuta da yawa ke jure yawansa.
"Formic acid wani tushen carbon ne mai matuƙar kyau," in ji Maren Nattermann, marubucin farko na binciken. "Amma canza shi zuwa formaldehyde a cikin vitro yana da matuƙar amfani ga makamashi." Wannan saboda formate, gishirin formate, ba a iya canza shi cikin sauƙi zuwa formaldehyde ba. "Akwai babban shingen sinadarai tsakanin waɗannan ƙwayoyin biyu, kuma kafin mu iya aiwatar da ainihin amsawa, dole ne mu shawo kan shi tare da taimakon makamashin sinadarai - ATP."
Manufar masu binciken ita ce nemo wata hanya mafi araha. Bayan haka, ƙarancin kuzarin da ake buƙata don ciyar da carbon cikin metabolism, ƙarin kuzarin za a iya amfani da shi don haɓaka girma ko samarwa. Amma babu irin wannan hanyar a yanayi. "Gano abubuwan da ake kira hybrid enzymes tare da ayyuka da yawa yana buƙatar wasu kerawa," in ji Tobias Erb. "Duk da haka, gano enzymes masu cancanta shine kawai farkon. Muna magana ne game da halayen da za a iya ƙirga su tare saboda suna da jinkiri sosai - a wasu lokuta, akwai ƙasa da amsawa ɗaya a kowace daƙiƙa a kowace enzyme. Halayen halitta na iya ci gaba da sauri sau dubu." Nan ne biochemistry na roba ya shigo, in ji Maren Nattermann: "Idan kun san tsari da tsarin enzyme, kun san inda za ku shiga tsakani. Ya kasance babban fa'ida."
Ingantaccen sinadarin enzyme ya ƙunshi hanyoyi da dama: musayar tubalan gini na musamman, samar da sauye-sauye bazuwar, da kuma zaɓin ƙarfin aiki. "Duka nau'ikan formaldehyde da formaldehyde sun dace sosai domin suna iya shiga bangon tantanin halitta. Za mu iya ƙara formaldehyde zuwa ga hanyar al'adar tantanin halitta, wanda ke samar da enzyme wanda ke mayar da formaldehyde da aka samu zuwa rini mai launin rawaya mara guba bayan 'yan awanni," in ji Maren. Nattermann ya bayyana.
Sakamakon da aka samu a cikin ɗan gajeren lokaci ba zai yiwu ba tare da amfani da hanyoyin samar da kayayyaki masu yawa ba. Don yin wannan, masu binciken sun haɗu da abokin hulɗar masana'antu Festo a Esslingen, Jamus. "Bayan bambance-bambancen kusan 4,000, mun ninka yawan amfanin da muka samu sau huɗu," in ji Maren Nattermann. "Saboda haka, mun ƙirƙiri tushen ci gaban samfurin ƙwayoyin cuta E. coli, aikin ƙwayoyin cuta na fasahar kere-kere, akan formic acid. Duk da haka, a yanzu, ƙwayoyin halittarmu za su iya samar da formaldehyde ne kawai kuma ba za su iya ƙara canzawa ba."
Tare da haɗin gwiwar abokin aikinsa Sebastian Wink daga Cibiyar Nazarin Kwayoyin Halittar Shuke-shuke. Masu binciken Max Planck a halin yanzu suna haɓaka wani nau'in da zai iya ɗaukar tsaka-tsaki kuma ya shigar da su cikin metabolism na tsakiya. A lokaci guda, ƙungiyar tana gudanar da bincike kan canza carbon dioxide zuwa formic acid ta hanyar amfani da ƙungiyar aiki a Cibiyar Canza Makamashi ta Sinadarai. Max Planck ƙarƙashin jagorancin Walter Leitner. Manufar dogon lokaci ita ce "dandali mai girma ɗaya" daga carbon dioxide da aka samar ta hanyar hanyoyin electrobiochemical zuwa samfura kamar insulin ko biodiesel.
Tunani: Maren Nattermann, Sebastian Wenk, Pascal Pfister, Hai He, Seung Hwang Lee, Witold Szymanski, Nils Guntermann, Faiying Zhu “Ci gaban sabon cascade don canza tsarin da ya dogara da phosphate zuwa formaldehyde a cikin vitro da kuma a cikin vivo”, Lennart Nickel., Charlotte Wallner, Jan Zarzycki, Nicole Pachia, Nina Gaisert, Giancarlo Francio, Walter Leitner, Ramon Gonzalez, da Tobias J. Erb, 9 ga Mayu, 2023, Nature Communications.DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-38072-w
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